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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract Um problema inverso é uma estrutura geral Um problema inverso é uma estrutura geral que é usada para converter as medidas observadas em informações sobre um objeto físico ou sistema no qual estamos interessados. Por exemplo, se tem-se medições do campo gravitacional terrestre, então pode-se fazer a pergunta: "dado os dados que temos disponíveis, o que pode-se afirmar sobre a distribuição de densidade da Terra nesta área?" A solução para este problema (i.e. a distribuição de densidade que melhor coincide com os dados) é útil porque ela geralmente nos diz algo sobre um parâmetro físico que não podemos diretamente observar. Então, problemas inversos são um dos mais importantes e bem estudados problemas matemáticos em ciência e matemática. Problemas inversos surgem em muitos campos de ciência e matemática, incluindo: visão computacional, aprendizagem de máquina, estatística, inferência estatística, geofísica, imagens médicas (tal como tomografia computadorizada axial e EEG/ERP), sensoriamento remoto, , ensaios não destrutivos, astronomia, física e muitos outros campos.astronomia, física e muitos outros campos. , Problem odwrotny (zagadnienie odwrotne, ang. Inverse problem) – zadanie, które często występuje w różnych gałęziach nauki czy matematyki, gdzie niektóre parametry modelu muszą być wyznaczone na podstawie obserwowanych wartości. , Un problema inverso es aquel en donde los Un problema inverso es aquel en donde los valores de algunos parámetros del modelo deben ser obtenidos de los datos observados. El problema inverso aparece en muchas ramas de la ciencia y de las matemáticas. El problema inverso puede ser formulado como sigue: Datos → Parámetros del modelo La transformación de los datos en los parámetros del modelo es el resultado de la interacción de un sistema físico, e.g. la Tierra, la atmósfera, la gravedad, etc. Los problemas inversos surgen en disciplinas tales como geofísica, imagen médica (como por ejemplo en la tomografía axial computerizada), , , , astronomía. Los problemas inversos normalmente son problemas mal planteados, en contraposición con los problemas bien planteados, más usuales cuando se modelan circunstancias físicas donde los parámetros del modelo –o bien sus propiedades materiales– son conocidos. De las tres condiciones de un problema bien planteado, sugeridas por Jacques Hadamard (existencia, unicidad, estabilidad de la solución o soluciones) la condición de estabilidad es la que más a menudo se quebranta. En el área de análisis funcional, el problema inverso es representado como una correspondencia entre espacios métricos. Normalmente, los problemas inversos son formulados en espacios de dimensión infinita, pero pueden ser reconvertidos a forma discreta debido a que se dispone de un número finito de medidas, y a que en la práctica se intenta recuperar un número finito de parámetros. En este caso el problema inverso estará normalmente mal condicionado.verso estará normalmente mal condicionado. , En science, un problème inverse est une siEn science, un problème inverse est une situation dans laquelle on tente de déterminer les causes d'un phénomène à partir des observations expérimentales de ses effets. Par exemple, en sismologie, la localisation de l'origine d'un tremblement de terre à partir de mesures faites par plusieurs stations sismiques réparties sur la surface du globe terrestre est un problème inverse. La résolution du problème inverse passe en général par une étape initiale de modélisation du phénomène, dite problème direct qui décrit comment les paramètres du modèle se traduisent en effets observables expérimentalement. Ensuite, à partir des mesures obtenues sur le phénomène réel, la démarche va consister à approximer au mieux les paramètres qui permettent de rendre compte de ces mesures. Cette résolution peut se faire par simulation numérique ou de façon analytique. La résolution mathématique est rendue difficile par le fait que les problèmes inverses sont en général des problèmes mal posés, c'est-à-dire que les seules observations expérimentales ne suffisent pas à déterminer parfaitement tous les paramètres du modèle, voire de problèmes non linéaires, c'est-à-dire que la modélisation peut s'approcher des observations en s'écartant des paramètres réels. Il est donc nécessaire d'ajouter des contraintes ou des a priori qui permettent de réduire l'espace des possibilités de façon à aboutir à une solution unique. On retrouve des problèmes inverses dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques, en particulier dans l'étude de systèmes complexes pour lesquels on n'a accès qu'à un petit nombre de mesures, par exemple : la Terre en géophysique, les tissus organiques en imagerie médicale, l'Univers en cosmologie, une salle de concert en acoustique architecturale…e de concert en acoustique architecturale… , 逆問題(ぎゃくもんだい、英: inverse problem)とは、数学・物理学の一分野であり、入力(原因)から出力(結果、観測)を求める問題を順問題(じゅんもんだい、英: direct problem)と呼び、その逆に出力から入力を推定する問題や入出力の関係性を推定する問題を逆問題と呼ぶ。 , 逆问题是一个关于如何将观测和测量的结果转换为物体或系统的信息的广义框架。比如,如果我逆问题是一个关于如何将观测和测量的结果转换为物体或系统的信息的广义框架。比如,如果我们有一个关于地球重力场的测量结果,我们就会问:「利用现有的訊息,我们能否得到地球的密度分布?」。这类问题的解(即最符合测量数据的密度分布)通常就可以告诉我们一个无法直接测量的物理量。因此,逆问题是在数学和物理学中最重要和被研究的最多的问题之一。逆问题广泛的出现在诸如计算机视觉,自然语言处理,机器学习,统计学,推论统计学,地理,医学成像(比如X射线计算机断层成像和脑电图/事件相关电位),遥感,,无损检测,航空,物理学中。 通常情况下,逆问题是非适定性问题,绝大多数逆问题都是病态的。其在数值上是不稳定的,即在初始资料中的一个微小错误,可以使答案产生很大的错误。这时就需要引入额外的正規化约束条件。资料中的一个微小错误,可以使答案产生很大的错误。这时就需要引入额外的正規化约束条件。 , Un problema inverso è un contesto di indagUn problema inverso è un contesto di indagine generico in cui vengono ricercate informazioni su una grandezza fisica, o più in generale su di un sistema, a partire da misurazioni o informazioni di tipo indiretto. Ad esempio, a partire da misurazioni del campo gravitazione in una certa zona della superficie terrestre possiamo chiederci: "grazie alle misure che abbiamo ottenuto, cosa possiamo dire circa la distribuzione di densità di massa in quella zona?". La risoluzione di questo problema (cioè la distribuzione di densità che meglio si accorda con le misure) è utile in quanto permette di ottenere informazioni su una grandezza fisica non direttamente osservabile. I problemi inversi originano in molte branche della scienza e della matematica, incluse la visione artificiale, l'apprendimento automatico, la statistica, l'inferenza statistica, la geofisica, la diagnostica per immagini (come la tomografia assiale computerizzata e l'EEG/ERP), il Telerilevamento, la tomografia acustica oceanografica, il controllo non distruttivo, l'astronomia, la fisica e in molti altri campi.ronomia, la fisica e in molti altri campi. , Ein mathematisches Problem wird ein inversEin mathematisches Problem wird ein inverses Problem genannt, wenn man von einer beobachteten oder gewünschten Wirkung eines Systems auf die der Wirkung zugrunde liegende Ursache zurückschließen will. Inverse Probleme sind oft sehr schwierig oder manchmal gar nicht lösbar.Das Gegenteil eines inversen Problems ist ein (teilweise auch genannt), bei dem man ausgehend von der bekannten Ursache die Wirkung des Systems ableiten möchte. Man unterscheidet gut gestellte und schlecht gestellte inverse Probleme. Neben Fragen der mathematisch-physikalischen Stabilität ist oft auch jene der numerischen Stabilität (etwa bei großen Normalgleichungs-Systemen) zu beachten. Zur Verbesserung der numerischen Stabilität kommen Regularisierungsverfahren zum Einsatz.men Regularisierungsverfahren zum Einsatz. , 역문제(逆問題, inverse problem)는 신호로부터 신호원을 찾는 등 원래문제와 반대 문제를 말한다. 정칙화 기법이 이용되기도 한다. , An inverse problem in science is the proceAn inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field. It is called an inverse problem because it starts with the effects and then calculates the causes. It is the inverse of a forward problem, which starts with the causes and then calculates the effects. Inverse problems are some of the most important mathematical problems in science and mathematics because they tell us about parameters that we cannot directly observe. They have wide application in system identification, optics, radar, acoustics, communication theory, signal processing, medical imaging, computer vision, geophysics, oceanography, astronomy, remote sensing, natural language processing, machine learning, nondestructive testing, slope stability analysis and many other fields. stability analysis and many other fields. , Обратная задача — тип задач, часто возникаОбратная задача — тип задач, часто возникающий во многих разделах науки, когда значения параметров модели должны быть получены из наблюдаемых данных. Примеры обратных задач можно найти в следующих областях: геофизика, астрономия, медицинская визуализация, компьютерная томография, дистанционное зондирование Земли, спектральный анализ, теория рассеяния и задачи по неразрушающему контролю. Обратные задачи являются некорректно поставленными задачами. Из трёх условий корректно поставленной задачи (существование решения, единственность решения и его устойчивость) в обратных задачах наиболее часто нарушается последнее. В функциональном анализе обратная задача представляется в виде отображения между метрическими пространствами. Обратные задачи обычно формулируются в бесконечномерных пространствах, но ограничение на конечность измерений и целесообразность вычисления конечного числа неизвестных параметров приводят к изменению задачи в дискретной форме. В этом случае используют метод регуляризации для того, чтобы избежать переобучения.ции для того, чтобы избежать переобучения.
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rdfs:comment Обратная задача — тип задач, часто возникаОбратная задача — тип задач, часто возникающий во многих разделах науки, когда значения параметров модели должны быть получены из наблюдаемых данных. Примеры обратных задач можно найти в следующих областях: геофизика, астрономия, медицинская визуализация, компьютерная томография, дистанционное зондирование Земли, спектральный анализ, теория рассеяния и задачи по неразрушающему контролю.еяния и задачи по неразрушающему контролю. , En science, un problème inverse est une siEn science, un problème inverse est une situation dans laquelle on tente de déterminer les causes d'un phénomène à partir des observations expérimentales de ses effets. Par exemple, en sismologie, la localisation de l'origine d'un tremblement de terre à partir de mesures faites par plusieurs stations sismiques réparties sur la surface du globe terrestre est un problème inverse.u globe terrestre est un problème inverse. , Problem odwrotny (zagadnienie odwrotne, ang. Inverse problem) – zadanie, które często występuje w różnych gałęziach nauki czy matematyki, gdzie niektóre parametry modelu muszą być wyznaczone na podstawie obserwowanych wartości. , Un problema inverso es aquel en donde los Un problema inverso es aquel en donde los valores de algunos parámetros del modelo deben ser obtenidos de los datos observados. El problema inverso aparece en muchas ramas de la ciencia y de las matemáticas. El problema inverso puede ser formulado como sigue: Datos → Parámetros del modelo como sigue: Datos → Parámetros del modelo , 역문제(逆問題, inverse problem)는 신호로부터 신호원을 찾는 등 원래문제와 반대 문제를 말한다. 정칙화 기법이 이용되기도 한다. , 逆問題(ぎゃくもんだい、英: inverse problem)とは、数学・物理学の一分野であり、入力(原因)から出力(結果、観測)を求める問題を順問題(じゅんもんだい、英: direct problem)と呼び、その逆に出力から入力を推定する問題や入出力の関係性を推定する問題を逆問題と呼ぶ。 , 逆问题是一个关于如何将观测和测量的结果转换为物体或系统的信息的广义框架。比如,如果我逆问题是一个关于如何将观测和测量的结果转换为物体或系统的信息的广义框架。比如,如果我们有一个关于地球重力场的测量结果,我们就会问:「利用现有的訊息,我们能否得到地球的密度分布?」。这类问题的解(即最符合测量数据的密度分布)通常就可以告诉我们一个无法直接测量的物理量。因此,逆问题是在数学和物理学中最重要和被研究的最多的问题之一。逆问题广泛的出现在诸如计算机视觉,自然语言处理,机器学习,统计学,推论统计学,地理,医学成像(比如X射线计算机断层成像和脑电图/事件相关电位),遥感,,无损检测,航空,物理学中。 通常情况下,逆问题是非适定性问题,绝大多数逆问题都是病态的。其在数值上是不稳定的,即在初始资料中的一个微小错误,可以使答案产生很大的错误。这时就需要引入额外的正規化约束条件。资料中的一个微小错误,可以使答案产生很大的错误。这时就需要引入额外的正規化约束条件。 , Un problema inverso è un contesto di indagine generico in cui vengono ricercate informazioni su una grandezza fisica, o più in generale su di un sistema, a partire da misurazioni o informazioni di tipo indiretto. , Ein mathematisches Problem wird ein inversEin mathematisches Problem wird ein inverses Problem genannt, wenn man von einer beobachteten oder gewünschten Wirkung eines Systems auf die der Wirkung zugrunde liegende Ursache zurückschließen will. Inverse Probleme sind oft sehr schwierig oder manchmal gar nicht lösbar.Das Gegenteil eines inversen Problems ist ein (teilweise auch genannt), bei dem man ausgehend von der bekannten Ursache die Wirkung des Systems ableiten möchte.e die Wirkung des Systems ableiten möchte. , An inverse problem in science is the proceAn inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field. It is called an inverse problem because it starts with the effects and then calculates the causes. It is the inverse of a forward problem, which starts with the causes and then calculates the effects.he causes and then calculates the effects. , Um problema inverso é uma estrutura geral Um problema inverso é uma estrutura geral que é usada para converter as medidas observadas em informações sobre um objeto físico ou sistema no qual estamos interessados. Por exemplo, se tem-se medições do campo gravitacional terrestre, então pode-se fazer a pergunta: "dado os dados que temos disponíveis, o que pode-se afirmar sobre a distribuição de densidade da Terra nesta área?" A solução para este problema (i.e. a distribuição de densidade que melhor coincide com os dados) é útil porque ela geralmente nos diz algo sobre um parâmetro físico que não podemos diretamente observar. Então, problemas inversos são um dos mais importantes e bem estudados problemas matemáticos em ciência e matemática. Problemas inversos surgem em muitos campos de ciência e matemática, incluindo: visão computacione matemática, incluindo: visão computacion
rdfs:label Problème inverse , Problema inverso , Обратная задача , 역문제 , 逆問題 , Problem odwrotny , Inverses Problem , Inverse problem
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