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يعود الفضل في ظهور سلالة هان الحاكمة (206 … يعود الفضل في ظهور سلالة هان الحاكمة (206 قبل الميلاد إلى 220 بعد الميلاد) إلى قائد المتمردين القرويين ليو بانغ (الذي عُرف بعد وفاته بالإمبراطور غاوزو)، وتُعد السلالة الإمبراطورية الثانية في الصين، إذ تلت سلالة تشين الحاكمة (221-206 قبل الميلاد) التي وحدت الممالك المتحاربة في الصين عبر الغزو. قطع هذه الحقبة مرحلة وجيزة حكمت فيها سلالة شين (9-23 بعد الميلاد) بقيادة الإمبراطور وانغ مانغ، لينقسم حكم سلالة هان إلى فترتين: هان الغربية (206 قبل الميلاد إلى 9 بعد الميلاد) وهان الشرقية (25-220 بعد الميلاد). اشتُقّت هذه التسميات من موقع العاصمتين تشانغآن ولويانغ على الترتيب. كانت تزو تشانغ العاصمة الثالثة والأخيرة لسلالة هان، إذ انتقل إليها بلاط الحكم في فترة الاضطرابات السياسية والحرب الأهلية. حكمت سلالة هان في حقبة رسخت فيها الثقافة والخبرة السياسية والازدهار والنضوج الاقتصادي والتقدم التكنولوجي. شهدت البلاد توسعًا غير مسبوق نتيجة صراعات مع شعوب غير صينية، أهمها شعوب شيونغنو البدوية التي قطنت السهوب الأوراسية. اضطر أباطرة سلالة هان بدايةً على الاعتراف بمنافسة تشان يو زعماء شعوب شينوغو، إلا أن عائلة هان كانت الطرف الأقل شأنًا في نظام دفع الجزية وتحالف الزواج المعروف باسم هيكين. خُرقت هذه المعاهدة عندما أطلق الإمبراطور وو من سلالة هان سلسلةً من الحملات العسكرية سببت في النهاية خلافًا بين اتحاد شعوب شينوغو وأعادت ترسيم حدود الصين. توسعت مملكة هان لتضم ممر قانسو في مقاطعة قانسو وحوض تاريم في مقاطعة سنجان ويونان وهاينان وشمال فيتنام وكوريا الشمالية ومنغوليا الخارجية وفق تسميات العالم الحديث. أسس حكم سلالة هان علاقات تجاريةً وتبعيةً مع حكام في أقصى الغرب مثل الإمبراطورية الفرثية التي أرسل ملوك هان مبعوثين إلى مراكز حكمها في طيسفون و بلاد الرافدين. دخلت البوذية إلى الصين في أثناء حكم الهان، ودعا إليها مبشرون من فرثيا والإمبراطورية الكوشانية وشمال الهند وآسيا الوسطى. تعرض البلاط الإمبراطوري لسلالة هان منذ البداية لتهديد مؤامرات الخيانة والتمرد من الممالك التابعة، التي نجحت في النهاية على يدي حكام أفراد عائلة ليو الملكية. بدايةً، أدارت النصف الشرقي من الإمبراطورية ممالك كبيرة شبه مستقلة تعهدت بالولاء وجزء من عائدات الضرائب لأباطرة هان، الذين حكموا بدورهم النصف الغربي بشكل مباشر من عاصمتهم شانغآن. بدأ البلاط الإمبراطوري بتطبيق إجراءات تدريجية لتقليص حجم وقوة هذه الممالك حتى فترة الإصلاح في منتصف القرن الثاني قبل الميلاد التي ألغت الحكم شبه المستقل وسلمت البلاط الإمبراطوري لمسؤولين من الحكومة المركزية. شكلت القوة النامية لقبائل أقرباء الإمبراطورة ومخصيي القصر مصدر تقلب وخطر أكبر. في عام 92 بعد الميلاد، أثبت المخصيون أنفسهم للمرة الأولى في قضية خلافة الأباطرة، مسببين سلسلةً من الأزمات السياسية التي بلغت ذروتها عام 189 بعد الميلاد مع سقوط تمردهم ومذبحتهم في قصور لويانغ. شكلت هذه الحادثة بداية حقبة الحرب الأهلية نتيجة انقسام البلاد تحت قيادة أمراء حرب يتنافسون على السلطة. في نهاية الحرب عام 220 بعد الميلاد، قبل تساو بي ابن الملك والمستشار الإمبراطوري تنازل شيان آخر إمبراطور من سلالة هان عن الحكم، والذي يُعد مسؤولًا عن خسارة إمبراطورية الصين وفقًا لنظام دونغ زونغ شو (179-104 قبل الميلاد) الكوني الذي يربط مصير الحكومة الإمبراطورية بالجنة (تيان بالصينية) والعالم الطبيعي. بعد حقبة سلالة هان، انقسمت الصين إلى ثلاث ممالك: مملكة تساو واي ومملكة شو هان ومملكة وو الشرقية. توحدت هذه الممالك من جديد تحت ظل إمبراطورية واحدة بقيادة أسرة جين الحاكمة (266-420 بعد الميلاد).دة أسرة جين الحاكمة (266-420 بعد الميلاد).
, A Dinastia Han (206 AEC - 220 EC), fundada … A Dinastia Han (206 AEC - 220 EC), fundada pelo camponês e líder rebelde Liu Bang (conhecido pelo nome de templo como Imperador Gaozu), foi a segunda dinastia imperial da China. Esta seguiu-se à Dinastia Qin (221 - 206 aC), que unificou os Reinos Combatentes. Interrompida por um curto período pela Dinastia Xin (9 - 23 EC) de Wang Mang, a Dinastia Han é dividida em dois períodos: o Han do Oeste (206 AEC - 9 EC) e o Han do Leste (25 - 220 EC). Estas denominações derivam das posições das capitais Chang'an e Luoyang, respectivamente. A terceira e última capital da dinastia foi , quando a corte imperial se transferiu em 196 EC, durante um período de instabilidade política e de guerra civil. A Dinastia Han governou numa época de chinesa, , relativa e grandes . Houve uma expansão e exploração territorial sem precedentes marcada por conflitos entre povos de etnia não chinesa, especialmente pelos nómadas Xiongnu da . Inicialmente, os imperadores da dinastia Han viram-se forçados a reconhecer a igual supremacia dos rivais do povo Xiongnu, mas que na realidade, os Han eram um parceiro inferior na real e tributária aliança matrimonial, conhecida por . Este acordo foi quebrado quando o imperador Wu de Han (r. 141-87 AEC), que, por fim, causaram a queda da unificação Xiongnu e redefiniram as fronteiras da China. O reino de Han foi alargado, ocupando o Corredor de Hexi da atual província de Kansu, a Bacia do Tarim da atual Xinjiang, as atuais províncias de Yunnan e Hainan, o atual , atual Coreia do Norte e o sul da Mongólia Exterior. A corte Han estabeleceu relações comerciais e tributárias com governantes tão distantes quanto os do Império Arsácida, para cuja corte em Ctesifonte, na Mesopotâmia, os monarcas Han enviaram altos funcionários. O budismo foi pela primeira vez introduzido na China durante da Dinastia Han, o qual foi difundido por missionários do Império Parta e do Império Cuchana da Índia do Norte e Ásia Central. Desde o início, a corte imperial Han encontrava-se atemorizada por traições e revoltas dos , tendo, por fim, acabado por ser governada apenas pelos membros da família real Liu. No início, a parte oriental do império era administrada indiretamente através dos grandes reinos semi-autónomos, que asseguraram lealdade e uma parcela das suas receitas fiscais aos imperadores Han, estes que por sua vez governavam directamente a parte ocidental do império a partir de Chang'an. A corte foi progressivamente introduzindo medidas para reduzir a extensão e poder desses reinos, até que uma reforma a meio do século II a.C., revogou o seu governo semi-autónomo e robusteceu as cortes do rei com funcionários do governo central. No entanto, muito mais volátil e preocupante para a dinastia foi o crescente poder tanto dos (da imperatriz) como dos eunucos do . Em 92 EC, os eunucos entrincheiraram-se pela primeira vez na história de sucessão de imperadores, causando uma que culminaram na sua queda e destruição em 189 EC, nos palácios de Luoyang. Este evento desencadeou uma era de guerra civil, à medida que o país se dividia pelos senhores da guerra e dirigentes regionais que disputavam o poder. Finalmente, em 220 EC, o filho de um chanceler imperial e rei, reconheceu a renúncia do último imperador Han, que se considera ter perdido o mandato do céu de acordo com sistema cosmológico de (179—104 AEC) que interrelaciona o destino do governo imperial com o Céu e o mundo natural. Após a Dinastia Han, a China encontrava-se dividida em três reinos — Cao Wei, Shu Han e Wu Oriental, os quais foram consolidados num único império da Dinastia Jin (265–420 EC).nico império da Dinastia Jin (265–420 EC).
, The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) was the … The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China. It followed the Qin dynasty, which had unified the Warring States of China by conquest. It was founded by Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu). The dynasty is divided into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and the Eastern Han (25–220 CE), interrupted briefly by the Xin dynasty (9–23 CE) of Wang Mang. These appellations are derived from the locations of the capital cities Chang'an and Luoyang, respectively. The third and final capital of the dynasty was Xuchang, where the court moved in 196 CE during a period of political turmoil and civil war. The Han dynasty ruled in an era of Chinese cultural consolidation, political experimentation, relative economic prosperity and maturity, and great technological advances. There was unprecedented territorial expansion and exploration initiated by struggles with non-Chinese peoples, especially the nomadic Xiongnu of the Eurasian Steppe. The Han emperors were initially forced to acknowledge the rival Xiongnu Chanyus as their equals, yet in reality the Han was an inferior partner in a tributary and royal marriage alliance known as heqin. This agreement was broken when Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE) launched a series of military campaigns which eventually caused the fissure of the Xiongnu Federation and redefined the borders of China. The Han realm was expanded into the Hexi Corridor of modern Gansu province, the Tarim Basin of modern Xinjiang, modern Yunnan and Hainan, modern northern Vietnam, modern North Korea, and southern Outer Mongolia. The Han court established trade and tributary relations with rulers as far west as the Arsacids, to whose court at Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia the Han monarchs sent envoys. Buddhism first entered China during the Han, spread by missionaries from Parthia and the Kushan Empire of northern India and Central Asia. From its beginning, the Han imperial court was threatened by plots of treason and revolt from its subordinate kingdoms, the latter eventually ruled only by royal Liu family members. Initially, the eastern half of the empire was indirectly administered through large semi-autonomous kingdoms which pledged loyalty and a portion of their tax revenues to the Han emperors, who ruled directly over the western half of the empire from Chang'an. Gradual measures were introduced by the imperial court to reduce the size and power of these kingdoms, until a reform of the middle 2nd century BCE abolished their semi-autonomous rule and staffed the kings' courts with central government officials. Yet much more volatile and consequential for the dynasty was the growing power of both consort clans (of the empress) and the eunuchs of the palace. In 92 CE, the eunuchs entrenched themselves for the first time in the issue of the emperors' succession, causing a series of political crises which culminated in 189 CE with their downfall and slaughter in the palaces of Luoyang. This event triggered an age of civil war as the country became divided by regional warlords vying for power. Finally, in 220 CE, the son of an imperial chancellor and king accepted the abdication of the last Han emperor, who was deemed to have lost the Mandate of Heaven according to Dong Zhongshu's (179–104 BCE) cosmological system that intertwined the fate of the imperial government with Heaven and the natural world. Following the Han, China was split into three states: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu; these were reconsolidated into one empire by the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE).ne empire by the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE).
, Sejarah Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) dapat … Sejarah Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) dapat dibagi menjadi dua periode, yaitu Han Barat (206 SM – 9 M) dan Han Timur (25–220 M). Penyebutan ini didasarkan pada letak ibu kota di kedua periode tersebut, yaitu Chang'an pada periode Han Barat dan Luoyang pada periode Han Timur. Ibu kota ketiga dan terakhir Dinasti Han adalah Xuchang. Pusat pemerintahan dipindah ke kota tersebut pada tahun 196 Masehi di tengah gejolak politik dan perang saudara. Periode Han Barat dan Timur diselangi oleh Dinasti Xin (9–23 M) yang dibentuk oleh Wang Mang. Dinasti Han merupakan dinasti kekaisaran Tiongkok yang kedua. Dinasti ini didirikan oleh seorang pemimpin pemberontakan petani yang bernama Liu Bang (secara anumerta dikenal dengan sebutan Kaisar Gaozu). Dinasti Han menggantikan Qin (221–206 SM), yang sebelumnya telah mengalahkan dan menyatukan Negara-negara Perang di Tiongkok. Pada masa Han, Tiongkok mengalami konsolidasi kebudayaan, uji coba politik, kesejahteraan ekonomi, dan kemajuan teknologi. Wilayah Tiongkok juga meluas ke tempat yang belum pernah dijangkau oleh pemerintahan-pemerintahan sebelumnya, dan hal ini dimulai dari konflik dengan suku-suku asing, terutama suku nomaden Xiongnu dari Stepa Eurasia. Kaisar Han awalnya terpaksa mengakui para Chanyu (penguasa) Xiongnu sebagai penguasa yang setara, walaupun kenyataannya Han membayar upeti kepada mereka dan juga telah menikahkan putri Han dengan chanyu (hubungan pernikahan ini disebut heqin). Hubungan ini berakhir setelah Kaisar Wu (berkuasa 141–87 SM) mengobarkan perang melawan Xiongnu yang akhirnya berhasil mengakibatkan perpecahan di pihak lawan dan memperluas batas wilayah Tiongkok. Jangkauan Han meluas hingga ke Koridor Hexi di Provinsi Gansu, Cekungan Tarim di Xinjiang, serta wilayah Yunnan, Hainan, Vietnam Utara, Korea Utara, dan Mongolia Luar bagian selatan. Pemerintah Han juga membina hubungan dagang dengan negara-negara lain dan menerima upeti dari mereka. Seorang utusan dari Han bahkan pernah dikirim hingga ke wilayah Kekaisaran Parthia. Sementara itu, agama Buddha pertama kali masuk ke Tiongkok pada masa Han. Agama ini disebarkan oleh biksu dari Parthia dan Kekaisaran Kushan. Sedari awal kekuasaan kaisar di Han terancam oleh pemberontakan dari kerajaan-kerajaan yang ada di bawahnya. Pada akhirnya penguasa kerajaan-kerajaan ini digantikan oleh anggota keluarga Liu yang setia. Pada mulanya, bagian timur kekaisaran diperintah secara tidak langsung oleh kerajaan-kerajaan semiotonom semacam ini yang memberikan sebagian dari pendapatan pajaknya kepada kaisar. Sementara itu, kaisar berkuasa secara langsung di wilayah barat. Secara perlahan pemerintahan pusat mengurangi luas dan kekuatan kerajaan-kerajaan ini, hingga akhirnya program reformasi pada pertengahan abad ke-2 SM menghapuskan kekuasaan semiotonom dan mengisi istana raja-raja dengan pejabat-pejabat pemerintahan pusat. Namun, hal yang lebih berdampak terhadap keberlangsungan Dinasti Han adalah konflik perebutan kekuasaan antara keluarga maharani atau ibu suri dengan para kasim di istana. Pada tahun 92 M, para kasim untuk pertama kalinya ikut campur dalam menentukan penerus kaisar dan memicu krisis politik yang berujung pada kejatuhan dan pembantaian para kasim di Luoyang pada tahun 189 M. Selain itu, Pemberontakan Serban Kuning juga meletus pada tahun 184 M, dan para panglima perang yang membantu pemerintah pusat selama konflik ini menjadi sangat kuat di daerahnya masing-masing. Akhirnya, pada tahun 220 M, Cao Pi (putra Kanselir Cao Cao) memaksa Kaisar Xian untuk turun takhta. Menurutnya, sang kaisar sudah tidak lagi mendapatkan Mandat Surgawi. Setelah itu Tiongkok pun terpecah menjadi tiga negara: Cao Wei, Shu Han, dan Dong Wu. Ketiga negara ini akhirnya disatukan oleh Dinasti Jin (265–420 M).ya disatukan oleh Dinasti Jin (265–420 M).
, La dynastie Han (chinois simplifié : 汉朝 ; … La dynastie Han (chinois simplifié : 汉朝 ; chinois traditionnel : 漢朝 ; pinyin : hàncháo ; chinois archaïque : ŋ̥ānh ḍhaw ) qui règne sur la Chine de 206 av. J.-C. à 220 apr. J.-C., est fondée par Liu Bang, un chef de guerre d'origine paysanne qui est passé à la postérité sous le nom d'empereur Han Gaozu. Seconde dynastie impériale chinoise, elle succède à la dynastie Qin (221 - 206 av. J.-C.), qui a unifié la Chine après avoir conquis tous les Royaumes combattants et est suivie de la période des Trois Royaumes (220 - 265). Elle est divisée en deux périodes : les Han occidentaux (西漢) ou Han antérieurs (前漢) (206 av. J.-C. - 9), capitale Chang'an, et les Han orientaux (東漢) ou Han postérieurs (後漢) (25 - 220), capitale Luoyang. Ces périodes sont séparées par la courte dynastie Xin, fondée par Wang Mang et qui ne survit pas à la mort de son fondateur. Les noms de ces périodes viennent des emplacements des deux capitales, Chang'an étant plus à l'ouest que Luoyang. La troisième et dernière capitale de la dynastie est Xuchang, où la Cour s’installe en l'an 196, pendant une période de troubles politiques et de guerre civile. Dans l'histoire de la Chine, la dynastie Han représente une ère de consolidation culturelle, d’expérimentation politique, d'une relative prospérité économique et de grandes avancées technologiques. Le pays connaît une expansion territoriale sans précédent et de nombreuses expéditions d'exploration sont organisées. Ces deux phénomènes sont intimement liés à la luttes contre les peuples non chinois, surtout les nomades Xiongnu de la steppe eurasienne. Les empereurs de la dynastie Han sont d'abord obligés de reconnaître les Chanyus des Xiongnu comme leurs égaux ; même si dans les faits, les Han sont les partenaires inférieurs dans le heqin ; un système diplomatique qui implique le versement d'un tribut aux Chanyus et des mariages royaux. Le heqin est rompu quand l'empereur Han Wudi (r. 141-87 av. J.-C.) lance une série de campagnes militaires, qui s’achèvent par la scission des Xiongnu en clans rivaux et la redéfinition des frontières de la Chine. À la fin de ces guerres, le corridor du Hexi, le bassin du Tarim, les territoires correspondant actuellement aux provinces de Yunnan et de Hainan, le nord du Viêt Nam, le nord de la péninsule de Corée et le sud de la Mongolie extérieure font partie de l'empire des Han. La Cour des Han établit des relations commerciales et tributaires avec des dirigeants situés loin vers l’ouest, comme les Arsacides, dont la Cour est située a Ctésiphon en Mésopotamie. Le bouddhisme arrive en Chine sous les Han, propagé par les missionnaires venant de la Parthie et de l’Empire Kouchan, situé au Nord de l’Inde, et d’Asie centrale. Dès le début, la Cour impériale des Han vit sous la menace des complots, des trahisons et des risques de révolte de la part des royaumes situés à l'intérieur de l'Empire. Sous Han Gaozu, ces royaumes sont dirigés par les anciens généraux du nouvel empereur ; mais très vite le statut de Roi fini par être réservé aux membres de la famille royale Liu ; ce qui ne change rien au risque de révolte. Au début de la dynastie, la moitié orientale de l’empire est administrée par le biais de ces grands royaumes semi-autonomes, qui jurent loyauté aux empereurs Han et leur reversent une partie de leurs recettes fiscales. Les empereurs ne contrôlent directement que la moitié occidentale de l’empire, située autour de Chang'an. Progressivement, des mesures sont introduites par la Cour impériale pour réduire la taille et la puissance de ces royaumes, jusqu'à ce qu’une réforme du milieu du IIe siècle av. J.-C. mette fin à leur statut semi-autonome et oblige les rois à prendre pour ministres des fonctionnaires du gouvernement central. Avec le temps, la montée en puissance des clans des impératrices consorts et des eunuques du palais finit par représenter pour la dynastie une menace indirecte et bien plus difficile à cerner que celles des rois. En l'an 92, les eunuques tranchent eux-mêmes pour la première fois la question de la succession de l’empereur, ce qui provoque une série de crises politiques qui s’achèvent en l'an 189 par leur chute et leur élimination physique dans les palais de Luoyang. Cet événement déclenche une ère de guerre civile, durant laquelle le pays est divisé entre des seigneurs de guerre régionaux qui luttent pour le pouvoir. Enfin, en l'an 220, Cao Pi, roi de Wei et fils du chancelier impérial Cao Cao, force Han Xiandi, le dernier empereur Han, à abdiquer. En effet, depuis les Han occidentaux, la légitimité de la dynastie est basée sur un système cosmologique qui veut que l'empereur a le droit de régner car il sert de lien entre le Ciel et le monde des vivants. Il peut faire ce lien car le Ciel l'a choisi et lui a conféré le mandat céleste. Selon Cao Pi et ses contemporains, la guerre civile qui vient de ravager la Chine est la preuve que les Han ont perdu ce mandat et que Xiandi ne peut plus régner. Après cette date, la Chine est divisée en trois États : le Royaume de Wei, le Royaume de Shu et le Royaume de Wu. Ceux-ci seront provisoirement réunifiés en un seul empire par la dynastie Jin (265 – 420).ul empire par la dynastie Jin (265 – 420).
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La dynastie Han (chinois simplifié : 汉朝 ; … La dynastie Han (chinois simplifié : 汉朝 ; chinois traditionnel : 漢朝 ; pinyin : hàncháo ; chinois archaïque : ŋ̥ānh ḍhaw ) qui règne sur la Chine de 206 av. J.-C. à 220 apr. J.-C., est fondée par Liu Bang, un chef de guerre d'origine paysanne qui est passé à la postérité sous le nom d'empereur Han Gaozu. Seconde dynastie impériale chinoise, elle succède à la dynastie Qin (221 - 206 av. J.-C.), qui a unifié la Chine après avoir conquis tous les Royaumes combattants et est suivie de la période des Trois Royaumes (220 - 265).la période des Trois Royaumes (220 - 265).
, يعود الفضل في ظهور سلالة هان الحاكمة (206 … يعود الفضل في ظهور سلالة هان الحاكمة (206 قبل الميلاد إلى 220 بعد الميلاد) إلى قائد المتمردين القرويين ليو بانغ (الذي عُرف بعد وفاته بالإمبراطور غاوزو)، وتُعد السلالة الإمبراطورية الثانية في الصين، إذ تلت سلالة تشين الحاكمة (221-206 قبل الميلاد) التي وحدت الممالك المتحاربة في الصين عبر الغزو. قطع هذه الحقبة مرحلة وجيزة حكمت فيها سلالة شين (9-23 بعد الميلاد) بقيادة الإمبراطور وانغ مانغ، لينقسم حكم سلالة هان إلى فترتين: هان الغربية (206 قبل الميلاد إلى 9 بعد الميلاد) وهان الشرقية (25-220 بعد الميلاد). اشتُقّت هذه التسميات من موقع العاصمتين تشانغآن ولويانغ على الترتيب. كانت تزو تشانغ العاصمة الثالثة والأخيرة لسلالة هان، إذ انتقل إليها بلاط الحكم في فترة الاضطرابات السياسية والحرب الأهلية.ي فترة الاضطرابات السياسية والحرب الأهلية.
, A Dinastia Han (206 AEC - 220 EC), fundada … A Dinastia Han (206 AEC - 220 EC), fundada pelo camponês e líder rebelde Liu Bang (conhecido pelo nome de templo como Imperador Gaozu), foi a segunda dinastia imperial da China. Esta seguiu-se à Dinastia Qin (221 - 206 aC), que unificou os Reinos Combatentes. Interrompida por um curto período pela Dinastia Xin (9 - 23 EC) de Wang Mang, a Dinastia Han é dividida em dois períodos: o Han do Oeste (206 AEC - 9 EC) e o Han do Leste (25 - 220 EC). Estas denominações derivam das posições das capitais Chang'an e Luoyang, respectivamente. A terceira e última capital da dinastia foi , quando a corte imperial se transferiu em 196 EC, durante um período de instabilidade política e de guerra civil. instabilidade política e de guerra civil.
, The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) was the … The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China. It followed the Qin dynasty, which had unified the Warring States of China by conquest. It was founded by Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu). The dynasty is divided into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and the Eastern Han (25–220 CE), interrupted briefly by the Xin dynasty (9–23 CE) of Wang Mang. These appellations are derived from the locations of the capital cities Chang'an and Luoyang, respectively. The third and final capital of the dynasty was Xuchang, where the court moved in 196 CE during a period of political turmoil and civil war.period of political turmoil and civil war.
, Sejarah Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) dapat … Sejarah Dinasti Han (206 SM – 220 M) dapat dibagi menjadi dua periode, yaitu Han Barat (206 SM – 9 M) dan Han Timur (25–220 M). Penyebutan ini didasarkan pada letak ibu kota di kedua periode tersebut, yaitu Chang'an pada periode Han Barat dan Luoyang pada periode Han Timur. Ibu kota ketiga dan terakhir Dinasti Han adalah Xuchang. Pusat pemerintahan dipindah ke kota tersebut pada tahun 196 Masehi di tengah gejolak politik dan perang saudara. Periode Han Barat dan Timur diselangi oleh Dinasti Xin (9–23 M) yang dibentuk oleh Wang Mang.Xin (9–23 M) yang dibentuk oleh Wang Mang.
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Histoire de la dynastie Han
, História da dinastia Han
, History of the Han dynasty
, Sejarah Dinasti Han
, تاريخ سلالة هان الحاكمة
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