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En physique théorique, la mécanique quanti … En physique théorique, la mécanique quantique relativiste est une théorie qui tente d’unifier les postulats de la mécanique quantique non-relativiste et le principe de relativité restreinte afin de décrire la dynamique quantique d'une particule relativiste, i.e. dont la vitesse classique n'est pas très petite devant la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide. Les équations d'ondes relativistes qui généralisent l'équation de Schrödinger sont :
* l'équation de Klein-Gordon, qui décrit une particule massive de spin 0 ;
* l'équation de Dirac, qui décrit une particule massive de spin 1/2. L'interprétation des solutions de ces équations dans le cadre d'une théorie ne décrivant qu'une seule particule conduit à certaines incohérences, comme le paradoxe de Klein ou le « Zitterbewegung ». Pour cette raison, la mécanique quantique relativiste est aujourd'hui abandonnée au profit de la théorie quantique des champs.profit de la théorie quantique des champs.
, 相対論的量子力学（そうたいろんてきりょうしりきがく、英: relativistic quantum mechanics）は、量子力学に対して特殊相対性理論を適用した理論である。 基礎方程式はクライン-ゴルドン方程式である。素粒子散乱などの多粒子系高エネルギー物理を扱う際は、粒子をさらに場の概念に拡張した場の量子論が使われる。あつかう粒子の速度が光速に比べて十分小さい場合の量子力学（非相対論的量子力学）とは区別される。
, In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics … In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). This theory is applicable to massive particles propagating at all velocities up to those comparable to the speed of light c, and can accommodate massless particles. The theory has application in high energy physics, particle physics and accelerator physics, as well as atomic physics, chemistry and condensed matter physics. Non-relativistic quantum mechanics refers to the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics applied in the context of Galilean relativity, more specifically quantizing the equations of classical mechanics by replacing dynamical variables by operators. Relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is quantum mechanics applied with special relativity. Although the earlier formulations, like the Schrödinger picture and Heisenberg picture were originally formulated in a non-relativistic background, a few of them (e.g. the Dirac or path-integral formalism) also work with special relativity. Key features common to all RQMs include: the prediction of antimatter, spin magnetic moments of elementary spin 1⁄2 fermions, fine structure, and quantum dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. The key result is the Dirac equation, from which these predictions emerge automatically. By contrast, in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, terms have to be introduced artificially into the Hamiltonian operator to achieve agreement with experimental observations. The most successful (and most widely used) RQM is relativistic quantum field theory (QFT), in which elementary particles are interpreted as field quanta. A unique consequence of QFT that has been tested against other RQMs is the failure of conservation of particle number, for example in matter creation and annihilation. In this article, the equations are written in familiar 3D vector calculus notation and use hats for operators (not necessarily in the literature), and where space and time components can be collected, tensor index notation is shown also (frequently used in the literature), in addition the Einstein summation convention is used. SI units are used here; Gaussian units and natural units are common alternatives. All equations are in the position representation; for the momentum representation the equations have to be Fourier transformed – see position and momentum space.sformed – see position and momentum space.
, ميكانيكا الكم النسبية في الفيزياء هي أي صي … ميكانيكا الكم النسبية في الفيزياء هي أي صيغة متغير بوانكريه مشترك عن ميكانيكا الكم. تُطبق هذه النظرية على الجسيمات ذات الكتلة التي تتحرك بأي سرعة حتى السرعات التي تُقارن بسرعة الضوء c، والتي يمكن اختراقها بواسطة الجسيمات عديمة الكتلة. تنطبق النظرية على فيزياء الطاقة العالية وفيزياء الجسيمات وفيزياء المسرعات بالإضافة إلى فيزياء الذرات والكيمياء وفيزياء المواد المكثفة. تشير ميكانيكا الكم غير النسبية إلى الصيغة الرياضية لميكانيكا الكم المطبقة في سياق نسبية جاليليو، تكمم تحديدًا معادلات الميكانيكا الكلاسيكية عن طريق استبدال المؤثرات بالمتغيرات الديناميكية. ميكانيكا الكم النسبية هي ميكانيكا الكم تُطبق مع النسبية الخاصة بالرغم من أن الصيغ السابقة لها مثل تصور شرودنغر وتصور هايزنبرغ كانت مصاغة في الأصل بخلفية غير نسبية، منها أيضًا ما يصلح مع النسبية الخاصة (مثل صياغة ديراك أو صياغة تكامل المسار). من السمات الأساسية لكل صيغ ميكانيكا الكم النسبية: التنبؤ بالمادة المضادة والعزم المغناطيسي المغزلي للفرميونات الأولية ذات اللف المغزلي النصفي، والبنية الدقيقة والديناميكا الكمية للجسيمات المشحونة في المجالات الكهرومغناطيسية. على النقيض من ميكانيكا الكم غير النسبية، يجب إدخال المصطلحات بشكل مصطنع في مؤثر هاميلتون كي تتفق مع الملاحظات التجريبية. أكثر صيغ ميكانيكا الكم النسبية نجاحًا (وأكثرها استخدامًا) هي نظرية المجال الكمي النسبية، حيث تُفسر الجسيمات الأولية على أنها كمات في المجال. من النتائج الخاصة بنظرية المجال الكمي التي اختُبرت مقابل صيغ المجال الكمي النسبية الأخرى هو الفشل في حفظ عدد الجسيمات، في نشأة المادة مثلًا ودثورها. في هذا المقال، تُكتب المعادلات بترميز التفاضل الشعاعي ثلاثي الأبعاد المعتاد وتُستخدم رموز القبعات للتعبير عن المؤثرات (ليس بالضرورة في الكتابة)، وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تُستخدم طريقة جمع أينشتاين. تُستخدم وحدات النظام الدولي هنا؛ تُعتبر الوحدات الجاوسية والوحدات الطبيعية بدائل شائعة. تعبر كل المعادلات عن الموضع فيجب أن يُجرى على المعادلات تحويل فوريير كي تمثل العزم. على المعادلات تحويل فوريير كي تمثل العزم.
, In de theoretische fysica is relativistisc … In de theoretische fysica is relativistische kwantummechanica een theorie die probeert de postulaten van en het principe van de speciale relativiteitstheorie te verenigen om de van een te beschrijven, d.w.z. waarvan de klassieke snelheid 'niet erg klein' is vergeleken met de lichtsnelheid in een vacuüm. De relativistische golfvergelijkingen die de Schrödingervergelijking generaliseren zijn:
* de Klein-Gordon-vergelijking , die een enorm deeltje van spin 0 beschrijft;
* de Dirac-vergelijking , die een enorm deeltje spin 1/2 beschrijft. De interpretatie van de oplossingen van deze vergelijkingen in het kader van een theorie die slechts één deeltje beschrijft, leidt tot bepaalde inconsistenties, zoals de Klein-paradox of de “Zitterbewegung”. Om deze reden wordt de relativistische kwantummechanica anno 2022 verlaten ten gunste van de kwantumveldentheorie.en ten gunste van de kwantumveldentheorie.
, Na física, a mecânica quântica relativista … Na física, a mecânica quântica relativista (RQM) é qualquer formulação covariante de Poincaré de mecânica quântica. Esta teoria é aplicável a partículas massivas que se propagam em todas as velocidades até as comparáveis à velocidade da luz c e podem acomodar partículas sem massa. A teoria tem aplicação em física de alta energia, física de partículas e física de aceleradores, bem como física atômica, química e física da matéria condensada.a, química e física da matéria condensada.
, La mecánica cuántica relativista es una ge … La mecánica cuántica relativista es una generalización de la mecánica cuántica necesaria para entender el comportamiento de las partículas que alcanzan velocidades cercanas a la de la luz, régimen en el cual la ecuación de Schrödinger deja de ser efectiva.ación de Schrödinger deja de ser efectiva.
, Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa – teori … Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa – teoria kwantowa uwzględniająca istnienie skończonej, maksymalnej do osiągnięcia prędkości równej prędkości światła w próżni, zarówno dla ruchu cząstek, jak i propagacji oddziaływania. W teorii tej nierelatywistyczne równanie Schrödingera (poprawniejsze im prędkość jest mniejsza) zastępowane jest albo (lub ich szczególnymi przypadkami, np. równaniem Kleina-Gordona czy Diraca). Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa stosuje kwantowy opis ruchu w czasoprzestrzeni Minkowskiego. Immanentną cechą opisu relatywistycznego mechaniki kwantowej z użyciem równania Diraca jest istnienie spinu oraz antymaterii. Teoria ta napotyka na liczne problemy interpretacyjne (zitterbewegung, paradoks Kleina, rozwiązania o ujemnej energii) i przez to nie jest teorią spójną. Jej naturalnym uogólnieniem jest kwantowa teoria pola (QFT), która rozwiązuje większość problemów relatywistycznej mechaniki kwantowej. QFT w odróżnieniu od pierwotnej relatywistycznej mechaniki kwantowej uwzględnia zjawiska, w których zmienia się liczba cząstek elementarnych w czasie: kreacja par, anihilacja czy absorpcja.ie: kreacja par, anihilacja czy absorpcja.
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| rdfs:comment |
Na física, a mecânica quântica relativista … Na física, a mecânica quântica relativista (RQM) é qualquer formulação covariante de Poincaré de mecânica quântica. Esta teoria é aplicável a partículas massivas que se propagam em todas as velocidades até as comparáveis à velocidade da luz c e podem acomodar partículas sem massa. A teoria tem aplicação em física de alta energia, física de partículas e física de aceleradores, bem como física atômica, química e física da matéria condensada.a, química e física da matéria condensada.
, La mecánica cuántica relativista es una ge … La mecánica cuántica relativista es una generalización de la mecánica cuántica necesaria para entender el comportamiento de las partículas que alcanzan velocidades cercanas a la de la luz, régimen en el cual la ecuación de Schrödinger deja de ser efectiva.ación de Schrödinger deja de ser efectiva.
, Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa – teori … Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa – teoria kwantowa uwzględniająca istnienie skończonej, maksymalnej do osiągnięcia prędkości równej prędkości światła w próżni, zarówno dla ruchu cząstek, jak i propagacji oddziaływania. W teorii tej nierelatywistyczne równanie Schrödingera (poprawniejsze im prędkość jest mniejsza) zastępowane jest albo (lub ich szczególnymi przypadkami, np. równaniem Kleina-Gordona czy Diraca). Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa stosuje kwantowy opis ruchu w czasoprzestrzeni Minkowskiego. Immanentną cechą opisu relatywistycznego mechaniki kwantowej z użyciem równania Diraca jest istnienie spinu oraz antymaterii.aca jest istnienie spinu oraz antymaterii.
, En physique théorique, la mécanique quanti … En physique théorique, la mécanique quantique relativiste est une théorie qui tente d’unifier les postulats de la mécanique quantique non-relativiste et le principe de relativité restreinte afin de décrire la dynamique quantique d'une particule relativiste, i.e. dont la vitesse classique n'est pas très petite devant la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide. Les équations d'ondes relativistes qui généralisent l'équation de Schrödinger sont :
* l'équation de Klein-Gordon, qui décrit une particule massive de spin 0 ;
* l'équation de Dirac, qui décrit une particule massive de spin 1/2. décrit une particule massive de spin 1/2.
, 相対論的量子力学（そうたいろんてきりょうしりきがく、英: relativistic quantum mechanics）は、量子力学に対して特殊相対性理論を適用した理論である。 基礎方程式はクライン-ゴルドン方程式である。素粒子散乱などの多粒子系高エネルギー物理を扱う際は、粒子をさらに場の概念に拡張した場の量子論が使われる。あつかう粒子の速度が光速に比べて十分小さい場合の量子力学（非相対論的量子力学）とは区別される。
, ميكانيكا الكم النسبية في الفيزياء هي أي صي … ميكانيكا الكم النسبية في الفيزياء هي أي صيغة متغير بوانكريه مشترك عن ميكانيكا الكم. تُطبق هذه النظرية على الجسيمات ذات الكتلة التي تتحرك بأي سرعة حتى السرعات التي تُقارن بسرعة الضوء c، والتي يمكن اختراقها بواسطة الجسيمات عديمة الكتلة. تنطبق النظرية على فيزياء الطاقة العالية وفيزياء الجسيمات وفيزياء المسرعات بالإضافة إلى فيزياء الذرات والكيمياء وفيزياء المواد المكثفة. تشير ميكانيكا الكم غير النسبية إلى الصيغة الرياضية لميكانيكا الكم المطبقة في سياق نسبية جاليليو، تكمم تحديدًا معادلات الميكانيكا الكلاسيكية عن طريق استبدال المؤثرات بالمتغيرات الديناميكية. ميكانيكا الكم النسبية هي ميكانيكا الكم تُطبق مع النسبية الخاصة بالرغم من أن الصيغ السابقة لها مثل تصور شرودنغر وتصور هايزنبرغ كانت مصاغة في الأصل بخلفية غير نسبية، منها أيضًا ما يصلح مع النسبية الخاصة (مثل صياغة ديراك أو صياغة تكامل المسار).ة (مثل صياغة ديراك أو صياغة تكامل المسار).
, In de theoretische fysica is relativistisc … In de theoretische fysica is relativistische kwantummechanica een theorie die probeert de postulaten van en het principe van de speciale relativiteitstheorie te verenigen om de van een te beschrijven, d.w.z. waarvan de klassieke snelheid 'niet erg klein' is vergeleken met de lichtsnelheid in een vacuüm. De relativistische golfvergelijkingen die de Schrödingervergelijking generaliseren zijn:
* de Klein-Gordon-vergelijking , die een enorm deeltje van spin 0 beschrijft;
* de Dirac-vergelijking , die een enorm deeltje spin 1/2 beschrijft.die een enorm deeltje spin 1/2 beschrijft.
, In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics … In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). This theory is applicable to massive particles propagating at all velocities up to those comparable to the speed of light c, and can accommodate massless particles. The theory has application in high energy physics, particle physics and accelerator physics, as well as atomic physics, chemistry and condensed matter physics. Non-relativistic quantum mechanics refers to the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics applied in the context of Galilean relativity, more specifically quantizing the equations of classical mechanics by replacing dynamical variables by operators. Relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is quantum mechanics applied with special relativity. Although the ead with special relativity. Although the ea
|
| rdfs:label |
Relativistische kwantummechanica
, 相対論的量子力学
, Relativistic quantum mechanics
, Mécanique quantique relativiste
, Mecânica quântica relativística
, Mecánica cuántica relativista
, ميكانيكا الكم النسبية
, Relatywistyczna mechanika kwantowa
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