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La presidenza di Andrew Jackson ebbe inizi … La presidenza di Andrew Jackson ebbe inizio il 4 marzo 1829, con la cerimonia d'insediamento, e terminò il 4 marzo 1837. Jackson, il settimo presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, aveva sconfitto il presidente uscente John Quincy Adams alle elezioni presidenziali del 1828, con una larga maggioranza. In coalizione con altri oppositori di Adams, i sostenitori di Jackson si erano organizzati in un apparato che divenne poi il Partito Democratico. Jackson fu rieletto alle elezioni presidenziali del 1832, battendo facilmente il candidato Partito Repubblicano Nazionale Henry Clay. Non si ripresentò dopo il secondo mandato, indicando però come successore il suo vicepresidente Martin Van Buren, che vinse le elezioni presidenziali del 1836.Jackson era un deciso sostenitore della politica di rimozione delle tribù dei nativi americani dai territori ad est del Mississippi, ed iniziò il processo del loro trasferimento forzato divenuto noto come "sentiero delle lacrime". Diede il via in forma massiccia allo spoils system, il principio per cui chi vince nomina suoi seguaci in tutti gli incarichi del governo federale, cosa che gli consentì anche di costruire un potente partito, solido e unito. Come risposta alla crisi della Nullificazione, Jackson minacciò d'inviare soldati federali nella Carolina del Sud per far rispettare le leggi appena entrate in vigore; la questione fu disinnescata dall'approvazione della legge sui dazi del 1833. Presiedette allo smantellamento della Seconda banca degli Stati Uniti, che egli considerava un bastione antidemocratico di elitismo. L'assenza di una banca centrale e la politica di Jackson della "moneta forte" avrebbero contribuito all'esplosione del panico del 1837. Il presidente fu la figura pubblica più influente, ma anche controversa degli anni 1830. Lo storico James Sellers ha affermato che "la personalità autoritaria di Andrew Jackson bastava di per sé a renderlo una delle figure più controverse ad aver mai raggiunto le più alte vette del palcoscenico nazionale". La sua politica spinse gli oppositori a riunirsi in un nuovo partito, il Whig, che era favorevole all'uso del potere federale per modernizzare l'economia, soprattutto attraverso il sostegno al settore bancario, alle tariffe daziarie sull'importazione di prodotti finiti, e ai lavori pubblici in infrastrutture, come i canali e i porti. La firma autografa del presidente Jackson. I suoi due mandati dettero il tono a tutta l'epoca successiva, almeno fino all'inizio della seconda metà del XIX secolo, genericamente riconosciuta come l'era jacksoniana (o "secondo sistema storico dei partiti"), in cui vennero avanzati i principi della democrazia jacksoniana, superati solamente con l'arrivo del Partito Repubblicano e la presidenza di Abraham Lincoln. Di tutte le presidenze, quella di Jackson rimane forse la più difficile da riassumere, spiegare e valutare con serena obiettività in una classificazione storica. Nel corso della generazione seguente, il biografo James Parton trovò il suo lascito una "massa confusa di contraddizioni": "era ad un tempo dittatore e democratico, un genio naturale seppur profondamente ignorante, Satana ma Santo". Tra il 1948 e il 2009, su tredici sondaggi condotti tra gli storici e politologi Jackson ha continuato a classificarsi costantemente tra i primi dieci presidenti di tutti i tempi o molto vicino ad essi.i di tutti i tempi o molto vicino ad essi.
, La présidence d'Andrew Jackson débuta le 4 … La présidence d'Andrew Jackson débuta le 4 mars 1829, date de l'investiture d'Andrew Jackson en tant que 7e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1837. Jackson entra en fonction après avoir battu le président sortant John Quincy Adams à l'élection présidentielle de 1828. Au cours de la campagne, il fonda un mouvement politique qui donna naissance sous sa présidence au Parti démocrate. Confortablement réélu en 1832 face à Henry Clay, candidat du Parti national-républicain, Jackson fut remplacé par son successeur désigné, le vice-président Martin Van Buren, après la victoire de ce dernier à l'élection présidentielle de 1836. La présidence de Jackson fut à l'origine d'un certain nombre de bouleversements sur le plan intérieur. Favorable à l'expulsion des tribus amérindiennes installées sur les terres situées à l'est du fleuve Mississippi, Jackson ordonna le déplacement forcé de ces populations, un événement connu sous le nom de « piste des Larmes ». Il réforma également l'accès à la fonction publique par la mise en place du système des dépouilles, basé sur le favoritisme, afin d'accroître l'influence du Parti démocrate. En réponse à la crise de la nullification, Jackson menaça d'envoyer des troupes fédérales en Caroline du Sud mais la crise fut finalement dénouée par l'adoption du tarif de 1833. Il engagea par ailleurs un bras-de-fer avec la Seconde banque des États-Unis qu'il considérait comme une institution élitiste et antidémocratique. Le président sortit victorieux de cette confrontation et la charte fédérale accordée à la Seconde banque des États-Unis expira en 1836. La disparition de la banque centrale et la politique monétaire de Jackson destinée à encourager les paiements en or contribuèrent à déclencher la panique de 1837 peu après la fin de son mandat. En politique étrangère, les choses furent moins mouvementées : l'administration Jackson négocia de nombreux traités commerciaux avec des puissances étrangères et reconnut l'indépendance de la république du Texas. Jackson fut la personnalité politique la plus influente et la plus controversée des années 1830. Ses deux mandats présidentiels marquèrent profondément la vie politique américaine pour un quart de siècle, période connue aujourd'hui sous le nom d'« ère jacksonienne ». Son action à la tête du pays poussa ses opposants à se rassembler au sein du Parti whig, qui défendait le principe d'un pouvoir exécutif fort pour moderniser l'économie à travers le recours aux banques, à l'application de taxes sur les importations de produits manufacturés et à une politique de travaux publics comme la construction de ports et de canaux. De tous les héritages laissés par les présidents, celui de Jackson est peut-être le plus difficile à expliquer ou à résumer. Plusieurs décennies après son départ de la Maison-Blanche, son biographe James Parton déclara que son bilan était, sur bien des aspects, contradictoire : « il fut à la fois un dictateur et un démocrate, un ignorant et un génie, un Satan et un saint ». Les évaluations historiques de sa présidence entre 1948 et 2009 classent généralement Jackson au palmarès des dix plus grands présidents de l'histoire américaine.rands présidents de l'histoire américaine.
, Het kabinet-Jackson was de uitvoerende mac … Het kabinet-Jackson was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 4 maart 1829 tot 4 maart 1837. Voormalig Senator voor Tennessee Andrew Jackson, een voormalig generaal tijdens de Oorlog van 1812, van de Democratische Partij werd gekozen als de 7e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1828 over de kandidaat van de Nationale Republikeinse Partij, zittend president John Quincy Adams. Jackson werd herkozen voor een tweede termijn in 1832 na het verslaan van de Nationale Republikeinse kandidaat, zittend senator voor Kentucky Henry Clay, de kandidaat van de "Nullifier Partij", een afsplitsing van de Democratische Partij, zittend gouverneur van Virginia en de kandidaat van de "Anti-Vrijmetselarij Partij", voormalig minister van Justitie . In 1835 maakte Jackson bekend zich niet kandidaat te stellen voor een nieuwe termijn in de presidentsverkiezingen van 1836 en sprak zijn steunbetuiging uit voor vicepresident Martin Van Buren als zijn opvolger.sident Martin Van Buren als zijn opvolger.
, Andrew Jackson, siebter Präsident der Vere … Andrew Jackson, siebter Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten, steht mit seiner Amtszeit für eine Zäsur in der US-Geschichte. Er war der erste Amtsinhaber, der nicht aus dem Umfeld der Gründerväter stammte; während seiner Präsidentschaft begann sich das heutige moderne Parteiensystem in den USA zu entwickeln. Nachdem er 1824 noch als einer von vier Kandidaten der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei angetreten war, was zu einer Spaltung der Partei führte, und Platz zwei hinter John Quincy Adams belegt hatte, forderte er diesen vier Jahre später als erster Anwärter der neuen Demokratischen Partei heraus und siegte. Adams hatte sich inzwischen den Nationalrepublikanern angeschlossen. 1832 trat Jackson ein zweites Mal an und gewann gegen Henry Clay. Mit dem vormaligen Außenminister Martin Van Buren hatte er einen neuen Vizepräsidenten an seiner Seite, da dessen Vorgänger John C. Calhoun im letzten Jahr seiner Amtszeit zurückgetreten war. Nachdem Kriegsminister Lewis Cass im Oktober 1836 aus dem Kabinett ausgeschieden war, um Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Frankreich zu werden, wurde der Posten nicht mehr offiziell nachbesetzt. Justizminister Benjamin Franklin Butler übernahm die Aufgaben kommissarisch bis zum Ende von Jacksons Präsidentschaft im folgenden März.acksons Präsidentschaft im folgenden März.
, The presidency of Andrew Jackson began on … The presidency of Andrew Jackson began on March 4, 1829, when Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1837. Jackson, the seventh United States president, took office after defeating incumbent President John Quincy Adams in the bitterly contested 1828 presidential election. During the 1828 presidential campaign, Jackson founded the political force that coalesced into the Democratic Party during Jackson's presidency. Jackson won re-election in 1832, defeating National Republican candidate Henry Clay by a wide margin. He was succeeded by his hand-picked successor, Vice President Martin Van Buren, after Van Buren won the 1836 presidential election. Jackson's presidency saw several important developments in domestic policy. A strong supporter of the removal of Native American tribes from U.S. territory east of the Mississippi River, Jackson began the process of forced relocation known as the "Trail of Tears." He instituted the spoils system for federal government positions, using his patronage powers to build a powerful and united Democratic Party. In response to the Nullification Crisis, Jackson threatened to send federal soldiers into South Carolina, but the crisis was defused by the passage of the Tariff of 1833. He engaged in a long struggle with the Second Bank of the United States, which he viewed as an anti-democratic bastion of elitism. Jackson emerged triumphant in the "Bank War," and the federal charter of the Second Bank of the United States expired in 1836. The destruction of the bank and Jackson's hard money policies would contribute to the Panic of 1837. Foreign affairs were less eventful than domestic affairs during Jackson's presidency, but Jackson pursued numerous commercial treaties with foreign powers and recognized the independence of the Republic of Texas. Jackson was the most influential and controversial political figure of the 1830s, and his two terms as president set the tone for the quarter-century era of American public discourse known as the Jacksonian Era. Historian James Sellers has stated, "Andrew Jackson's masterful personality was enough by itself to make him one of the most controversial figures ever to stride across the American stage." His actions encouraged his political opponents to coalesce into the Whig Party, which favored the use of federal power to modernize the economy through support for banking, tariffs on manufactured imports, and internal improvements such as canals and harbors. Of all presidential reputations, Jackson's is perhaps the most difficult to summarize or explain. A generation after his presidency, biographer James Parton found his reputation a mass of contradictions: "he was dictator or democrat, ignoramus or genius, Satan or saint." Thirteen polls of historians and political scientists taken between 1948 and 2009 ranked Jackson always in or near the top ten presidents. always in or near the top ten presidents.
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Andrew Jackson, siebter Präsident der Vere … Andrew Jackson, siebter Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten, steht mit seiner Amtszeit für eine Zäsur in der US-Geschichte. Er war der erste Amtsinhaber, der nicht aus dem Umfeld der Gründerväter stammte; während seiner Präsidentschaft begann sich das heutige moderne Parteiensystem in den USA zu entwickeln. Nachdem er 1824 noch als einer von vier Kandidaten der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei angetreten war, was zu einer Spaltung der Partei führte, und Platz zwei hinter John Quincy Adams belegt hatte, forderte er diesen vier Jahre später als erster Anwärter der neuen Demokratischen Partei heraus und siegte. Adams hatte sich inzwischen den Nationalrepublikanern angeschlossen.n den Nationalrepublikanern angeschlossen.
, La presidenza di Andrew Jackson ebbe inizi … La presidenza di Andrew Jackson ebbe inizio il 4 marzo 1829, con la cerimonia d'insediamento, e terminò il 4 marzo 1837. Jackson, il settimo presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America, aveva sconfitto il presidente uscente John Quincy Adams alle elezioni presidenziali del 1828, con una larga maggioranza. In coalizione con altri oppositori di Adams, i sostenitori di Jackson si erano organizzati in un apparato che divenne poi il Partito Democratico. Jackson fu rieletto alle elezioni presidenziali del 1832, battendo facilmente il candidato Partito Repubblicano Nazionale Henry Clay.Partito Repubblicano Nazionale Henry Clay.
, The presidency of Andrew Jackson began on … The presidency of Andrew Jackson began on March 4, 1829, when Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1837. Jackson, the seventh United States president, took office after defeating incumbent President John Quincy Adams in the bitterly contested 1828 presidential election. During the 1828 presidential campaign, Jackson founded the political force that coalesced into the Democratic Party during Jackson's presidency. Jackson won re-election in 1832, defeating National Republican candidate Henry Clay by a wide margin. He was succeeded by his hand-picked successor, Vice President Martin Van Buren, after Van Buren won the 1836 presidential election. Buren won the 1836 presidential election.
, La présidence d'Andrew Jackson débuta le 4 … La présidence d'Andrew Jackson débuta le 4 mars 1829, date de l'investiture d'Andrew Jackson en tant que 7e président des États-Unis, et prit fin le 4 mars 1837. Jackson entra en fonction après avoir battu le président sortant John Quincy Adams à l'élection présidentielle de 1828. Au cours de la campagne, il fonda un mouvement politique qui donna naissance sous sa présidence au Parti démocrate. Confortablement réélu en 1832 face à Henry Clay, candidat du Parti national-républicain, Jackson fut remplacé par son successeur désigné, le vice-président Martin Van Buren, après la victoire de ce dernier à l'élection présidentielle de 1836.rnier à l'élection présidentielle de 1836.
, Het kabinet-Jackson was de uitvoerende mac … Het kabinet-Jackson was de uitvoerende macht van de Amerikaanse overheid van 4 maart 1829 tot 4 maart 1837. Voormalig Senator voor Tennessee Andrew Jackson, een voormalig generaal tijdens de Oorlog van 1812, van de Democratische Partij werd gekozen als de 7e president van de Verenigde Staten na het winnen van de presidentsverkiezingen van 1828 over de kandidaat van de Nationale Republikeinse Partij, zittend president John Quincy Adams. Jackson werd herkozen voor een tweede termijn in 1832 na het verslaan van de Nationale Republikeinse kandidaat, zittend senator voor Kentucky Henry Clay, de kandidaat van de "Nullifier Partij", een afsplitsing van de Democratische Partij, zittend gouverneur van Virginia en de kandidaat van de "Anti-Vrijmetselarij Partij", voormalig minister van Justitie . Irtij", voormalig minister van Justitie . I
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Kabinet-Jackson
, Presidency of Andrew Jackson
, Kabinett Jackson
, Présidence d'Andrew Jackson
, Presidenza di Andrew Jackson
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