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The Indo-European migrations were hypothes … The Indo-European migrations were hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which explains why these languages are spoken across a large area of Eurasia from India and Iran to Europe. While there can be no direct evidence of prehistoric languages, a synthesis of linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and genetics establish both the existence of Proto-Indo-European and the spread of its daughter dialects through migrations of large populations of its speakers, as well as the recruitment of new speakers through emulation of conquering elites. Comparative linguistics describes the similarities between various languages and the laws of systematic change, which allow the reconstruction of ancestral speech (see Indo-European studies). Archaeology traces the spread of artifacts, habitations, and burial sites presumed to be created by speakers of Proto-Indo-European in several stages: from the hypothesized locations of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, into their later locations of Western Europe, Central, South and Eastern Asia. These changes occurred by migrations and by language shift through elite-recruitment as described by anthropological research. Recent genetic research has increasingly contributed to understanding the kinship relations among prehistoric cultures. According to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis, or renewed Steppe hypothesis, the oldest migration branch produced the Anatolian languages (Hittite language and Luwian language) which split from the earliest proto-Indo-European speech community (archaic PIE) inhabiting the Volga basin. The second-oldest branch language group, Tocharian, was spoken in the Tarim Basin (now western China), after splitting from early PIE spoken on the eastern Pontic steppe. The bulk of the Indo-European languages developed from late PIE, which was spoken within the Yamnaya horizon on the Pontic–Caspian steppe around 3000 BCE. Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic may have developed from Indo-European languages coming from Central Europe to Western Europe after the 3rd millennium BCE Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley, while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian mountains, in present-day Ukraine, moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). The Proto-Indo-Iranian language and culture probably emerged within the Sintashta culture (circa 2100–1800 BCE), at the eastern border of the Abashevo culture, which in turn developed from the Corded Ware-related Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture. The Sintashta culture grew into the Andronovo culture (ca. 1900–800 BCE), the two first phases being the Fedorovo Andronovo culture (ca. 1900–1400 BCE) and Alakul Andronovo culture (ca. 1800–1500 BCE). Indo-Aryans moved into the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (ca. 2400–1600 BCE) and spread to the Levant (Mitanni), northern India (Vedic people, ca. 1500 BCE). The Iranian languages spread back throughout the steppes with the Scyths, and into Ancient Iran with the Medes, Parthians and Persians from ca. 800 BCE. A number of alternative theories have been proposed, most notably the Anatolian hypothesis and the Armenian hypothesis. Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis suggests a much earlier date for the Indo-European languages, proposing an origin in Anatolia and an initial spread with the earliest farmers who migrated to Europe. It has been the only serious alternative for the steppe-theory, but suffers from a lack of explanatory power. The Anatolian hypothesis also led to some support for the Armenian hypothesis, which proposes that the Urheimat of the Indo-European language was south of the Caucasus. While the Armenian hypothesis has been criticized on archeological and chronological grounds, recent genetic research has revived debate.ecent genetic research has revived debate.
, الهجرات الهندية الأوروبية هي هجرات المتحدث … الهجرات الهندية الأوروبية هي هجرات المتحدثين باللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية كما اقترح العديد من الباحثين المعاصرين، والهجرات اللاحقة للأشخاص الذين يتحدثون لغات هندية أوروبية أكثر تطوراً، وهو ما يفسر سبب التحدث باللغات الهندية الأوروبية في منطقة كبيرة تمتد من الهند وإيران إلى أوروبا. في حين أنه لا يمكن أن يكون هناك دليل مباشر على لغات ما قبل التاريخ، فإنه يُستنتج وجود اللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية وانتشار لهجات لغاتها الفرعية من خلال الهجرة واسعة النطاق من خلال تجميع المعلومات من علم اللغويات وعلم الآثار والأنثروبولوجيا وعلم الوراثة. يصف علم اللغات المقارن أوجه التشابه بين اللغات المختلفة والقوانين اللغوية التي تلعب دورًا في عملية التغيير في هذه اللغات. تتتبع البيانات الأثرية انتشار الثقافات التي يفترض أن المتحدثين باللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية قد أنشؤوها في عدة مراحل: من المواقع المفترضة للوطن الهندو أوروبي البدائي إلى مواقعهم اللاحقة في أوروبا الغربية والوسطى وجنوب وشرق آسيا عن طريق الهجرة وعن طريق التحول اللغوي من خلال استخدام النخبة كما هو موضح في الأبحاث الأنثروبولوجية. ساهمت الأبحاث الجينية الأخيرة بشكل متزايد في فهم العلاقات بين مختلف ثقافات ما قبل التاريخ. وفقًا لفرضية كورغان المقبولة على نطاق واسع والتي جددت فرضية السهوب، فإن أقدم فرع هو اللغة الأناضولية (اللغة الحيثية واللغة اللوية) التي انفصلت عن أقدم مجتمع تكلم بالهندية الأوروبية المبكرة (اللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية العتيقة)، الذي تطور بنفسه في حوض الفولغا. بينما اُستخدم الفرع الثاني الأقدم وهو اللغات التخارية في حوض تاريم (غرب الصين الحالية)، وانفصلت عن اللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية المبكرة، التي كانت تُستخدم في سهوب بونتيك الشرقية. تطور الجزء الأكبر من اللغات الهندية الأوروبية من اللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية المتأخرة التي اُستخدمت في منطقة يامنايا، والثقافات الأخرى ذات الصلة في سهوب بونتيك كاسبيان حوالي سنة 4000 قبل الميلاد. من المحتمل أن تكون السلتية البدائية والإيطالية البدائية قد تطورتا وانتشرتا من وسط أوروبا إلى أوروبا الغربية بعد هجرات يامنايا إلى وادي الدانوب، بينما قد تطورت الألمانية البدائية والبلطيقية السلافية البدائية شرق جبال الكاربات في أوكرانيا الحالية، وانتشرت شمالًا مع حضارة الخزف المحزم في أوروبا الوسطى (الألفية الثالثة قبل الميلاد). بدلاً من ذلك، ربما كان الفرع الأوروبي لللهجات الهندية الأوروبية، المسمى «الهندية الأوروبية الشمالية الغربية» والمرتبط بحضارة القدور الجرسية، سلفًا ليس فقط للغة السلتية والإيطالية، ولكن أيضًا للغة الجرمانية واللغة البلطيقية السلافية. ربما ظهرت اللغة والثقافة الهندية الإيرانية في ثقافة سينتاشتا (حوالي 2100-1800 قبل الميلاد)، على الحدود الشرقية لمنطقة يامنايا وحضارة الخزف المحزم، ثم نمت في حضارة أندرونوفو (حوالي 1900-800 قبل الميلاد) التي كانت مرحلتاها الأوليان هي حضارة فيدروفو أندرونوفو (حوالي 1900-1400 قبل الميلاد)، وحضارة ألاكول أندرونوفو (حوالي 1800-1500 قبل الميلاد) .انتقل الهنود الآريون إلى مجمع باكتريا-مارغيانا الأثري (حوالي 2400-1600 قبل الميلاد) وانتشروا إلى بلاد الشام (ميتاني) وشمال الهند (الفيديون، حوالي 1500 قبل الميلاد) والصين (ووسون). انتشرت اللغات الإيرانية في جميع أنحاء السهول عن طريق السكوثيين، وإلى إيران القديمة عن طريق الميديين والبارثيين والفرس حوالي عام 800 قبل الميلاد. توجد بعض من النظريات البديلة المقترحة. إذ تقترح فرضية الأناضولية لرينفرو تاريخًا مبكرًا للغات الهندية أوروبية، وتقترح أنها نشأت في الأناضول، ثم انتشرت انتشارًا أوليًا مع المزارعين الأوائل الذين هاجروا إلى أوروبا. كانت هذه النظرية هي البديل الوحيد الجاد لنظرية السهوب، لكنها عانت من نقص في القوة التفسيرية. أدت فرضية الأناضول أيضًا إلى توفير بعض الدعم للفرضية الأرمنية، التي تقترح أن أورهيمات (الوطن الأصلي) للغة الهندية الأوروبية كانت جنوب القوقاز. برغم انتقاد الفرضية الأرمنية على أسس أثرية وتسلسل زمني، فقد أدت الأبحاث الجينية الأخيرة إلى تجديد الاهتمام بها. تقترح نظرية الاستمرارية في العصر الحجري القديم وجود أصول لغوية تعود إلى العصر الحجري القديم، لكنها لم تلق سوى القليل من الاهتمام في المعرفة السائدة. أيضًا طُرحت نظرية النبوع من الهند وهي نظرية هامشية نشرها القوميون الهنود، ولكن لم تحظ بأي دعم في المعرفة العلمية الحالية.لم تحظ بأي دعم في المعرفة العلمية الحالية.
, Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un s … Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un seguit de moviments de població dels parlants del protoindoeuropeu des del seu Urheimat o pàtria originària fins a àmplies regions d'Àsia i Europa. Aquestes migracions van expandir l'idioma nadiu dels protoindoeuropeus que amb el temps es va anar fragmentant fins a donar lloc a les diferents llengües indoeuropees. S'han reconstruït amb una combinació de testimonis arqueològics, genètics i reconstruccions lingüístiques però existeixen desacords entre els investigadors sobre algunes rutes migratòries, especialment les inicials, ja que s'han postulat diferents orígens per als protoindoeuropeus.ferents orígens per als protoindoeuropeus.
, Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a … Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a las migraciones que ocurrieron cuando los primeros hablantes de lenguas indoeuropeas se expandieron por Europa y Asia. Lo que se sabe de estas migraciones se basa en datos lingüísticos, arqueológicos, antropológicos y genéticos. La lingüística describe las similitudes entre varias lenguas y los cambios de estas lenguas a lo largo de la historia. Según investigaciones arqueológicas, las lenguas indoeuropeas y su cultura se dispersaron en varias etapas, desde el Urheimat de los protoindoeuropeos en la estepa póntica, hasta Europa occidental y central y el sur de Asia. Investigaciones genéticas recientes ayudan a entender las relaciones históricas entre varias culturas a lo largo de la historia. Las lenguas y cultura indoeuropeas se expandieron en varias etapas. Las primeras sucedieron aproximadamente desde el 4200 a. C. hasta el 3000 a. C. hacia el valle del Bajo Danubio, Anatolia y la región altaica. Los protoceltas y protoitálicos probablemente se expandieron a Europa luego de nuevas migraciones al valle del Danubio, mientras que protogermánicos, protoeslavos y protobálticos se desarrollaron al este de los Cárpatos, en lo que hoy en día es Ucrania, mudándose después al norte y extendiéndose con la Cultura de la cerámica cordada en Europa central por el 3000 a. C. Las lenguas y cultura indoiranias surgieron en la Cultura de Sintashta (2100 - 1800 a. C.), al este de la Cultura de la cerámica cordada, cerca a Asia Central; y luego se desarrollaron en la Cultura Andronovo (1800 - 800 a. C.). Los indoarios se trasladaron al Complejo arqueológico Bactria-Margiana (2300 - 1700 a. C.) y se expandieron por el Levante (Mitanni), el norte de la India (período védico, 1500 a. C.) y China (Wusun). Los iranios se expandieron por las estepas a través de los escitas y a la meseta irania con los medos, persas y partos desde el 800 a. C. medos, persas y partos desde el 800 a. C.
, Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kel … Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kelompok-kelompok penggembala berbahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang berpindah dari wilayah Yamnaya dan stepa Pontus–Kaspia yang terkait secara budaya, yang sejak kira-kira tahun 4000 SM. Mereka menyebar ke seantero Eropa dan Asia, dan membentuk budaya baru bersama berbagai kelompok budaya yang ditemui dalam perpindahan tersebut, antara lain dengan kelompok budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Utara dan kelompok budaya Weda di India. Pengetahuan modern mengenai migrasi ini diperoleh berdasarkan data linguistik, arkeologi, antropologi dan genetika. Ilmu linguistik menjelaskan persamaan antara berbagai bahasa, serta aturan linguistik yang berlaku dalam perubahan bahasa-bahasa tersebut. Data arkeologi menjelaskan penyebaran dari bahasa dan budaya Proto-Indo Eropa dalam beberapa tahap, dari wilayah asal Eurasia masyarakat Proto-Indo-Eropa di stepa Pontus–Kaspia, hingga ke Eropa Barat serta Asia Tengah dan Selatan, melalui berbagai migrasi, yang disertai pergeseran bahasa akibat masuknya kelompok elit tertentu dalam masyarakat, sebagaimana yang dijelaskan dalam penelitian antropologi. Penelitian genetik mutakhir semakin besar peranannya dalam memahami bagaimana hubungan masa lalu antara berbagai budaya tersebut. Bahasa dan budaya Indo-Eropa tersebar dalam berberapa tahapan. Migrasi awal pada k. 4200-3000 SM membawa budaya Proto-Indo-Eropa kuno ke dataran rendah lembah Donau, Anatolia, dan wilayah Altai. Budaya Pra-Keltik dan Pra-Italia kemungkinan tersebar ke Eropa setelah munculnya gelombang migrasi-migrasi selanjutnya ke Lembah Donau, sedangkan budaya Pra-Jermanik dan Pra-Balto-Slavia berkembang di sebelah timur pegunungan Carpathia, yaitu wilayah Ukraina saat ini, kemudian bergerak ke utara dan tersebar bersama budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Tengah (yaitu pada milenium ketiga SM). Bahasa dan Budaya Indo-Iran yang muncul pada budaya Sintashta (k. 2100-1800 SM) di sebelah timur dari perbatasan budaya Yamna dan budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali, kemudian bertumbuh menjadi budaya Andronovo (k. 1800-800 SM). Masyarakat Indo-Arya lalu berpindah ke Kompleks Arkeologi Baktria–Margiana (k. 2300-1700 SM) dan tersebar hingga ke Levant (Mitanni), India utara (masyarakat Weda, k. 1500 SM), dan Tiongkok (Wusun). Bahasa-bahasa Iran tersebar di seluruh stepa melalui bangsa Skitia, dan ke Iran melalui bangsa-bangsa Media, Partia dan Persia sejak k. 800 SM. Media, Partia dan Persia sejak k. 800 SM.
, Migrações Indo-Europeias foram as migraçõe … Migrações Indo-Europeias foram as migrações dos povos pastoris que falavam a língua proto-indo-europeia. Relacionados aos e outros povos, partiram da estepe pôntica, no leste europeu, por volta dos anos 4000 a.C. Seus descendentes espalharam-se por toda Europa e partes da Ásia, formando novas culturas com as comunidades locais, incluindo a cultura da cerâmica cordada no norte da Europa e a cultura védica no subcontinente indiano. Essas migrações, em última instância, semearam as culturas e língua de grande parte da Europa, do Irã, e do subcontinente Indiano. Posteriormente, resultou na maior e mais fala família linguística no mundo. O conhecimento moderno destas migrações é baseado em dados de diversas ciências, como linguística, arqueologia, antropologia e genética. A linguística descreve as similaridades entre diversas línguas e as leis da linguísticas presentes nas alterações dessas línguas. A arqueologia descreve a migração da cultura proto-indo-europeia e sua língua em variados estágios: da região originário do proto-indo-europeu a Europa Ocidental, Central e Meridional e, especialmente, à Asia Oriental por migrações e mudanças linguísticas decorrentes de recrutamento de elite, como descrevem algumas pesquisas. Pesquisas genéticas recentes, por sua vez, possuem uma crescente contribuição ao entendimento das relações históricas entre diferentes culturas. As línguas e culturas indo-europeias espalharam-se durante vários períodos. Migrações iniciais de 4200-3000 a.C. trouxeram o proto-indo-europeu arcaico para o vale do Rio Danúbio, Anatólia e a região do Altai. O protocéltico e o proto-itálico provavelmente desenvolveram-se e espalharam-se a partir da Europa Central para a Europa Ocidental após novas migrações Yamnaya para o vale do Rio Danúbio, enquanto o protogermânico e o podem ter se desenvolvido a leste dos Cárpatos, na atual Ucrânia, migrando em direção a norte e espalhando-se com a cultura da cerâmica cordada na Europa Central, por voltado de 2000 a.C. Alternativamente, um ramo europeu dos dialetos indo-europeus, denominado "indo-europeu noroeste" e associado à cultura beaker, podem possuir ancestrais não somente célticos e itálicos, mas também germânicos e balto-eslávicos. As culturas e línguas indo-iranianas emergiram a partir da Cultura de Sintashta (2100-1800 a.C.), na fronteira leste da cultura Yamnaya e da cultura da cerâmica cordada, crescendo para a cultura (1800-800 a.C.). Indo-arianos migraram para o (2300-1700 a.C.) e migraram para o Levante (Mitani), Índia do Norte (povo , 1500 a.C.) e China (Usun). As línguas iranianas espalharam-se pelas estepes com os citas e para o Irã com os medos, partas e persas a partir de 800 a.C.edos, partas e persas a partir de 800 a.C.
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, https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0060 +
, http://eurogenes.blogspot.nl/2017/07/the-crisis.html +
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, https://archive.org/details/trojanstheirneig0000bryc +
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Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and location of the Afanasievo culture, which has the same genetic characteristics as the Yamnayas.
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These movements of both Tocharians and Iranians into East Central Asia were not a mere footnote in the history of China but... were part of a much wider picture involving the very foundations of the world's oldest surviving civilization."
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Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a … Las migraciones indoeuropeas se refieren a las migraciones que ocurrieron cuando los primeros hablantes de lenguas indoeuropeas se expandieron por Europa y Asia. Lo que se sabe de estas migraciones se basa en datos lingüísticos, arqueológicos, antropológicos y genéticos. La lingüística describe las similitudes entre varias lenguas y los cambios de estas lenguas a lo largo de la historia. Según investigaciones arqueológicas, las lenguas indoeuropeas y su cultura se dispersaron en varias etapas, desde el Urheimat de los protoindoeuropeos en la estepa póntica, hasta Europa occidental y central y el sur de Asia. Investigaciones genéticas recientes ayudan a entender las relaciones históricas entre varias culturas a lo largo de la historia.varias culturas a lo largo de la historia.
, The Indo-European migrations were hypothes … The Indo-European migrations were hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which explains why these languages are spoken across a large area of Eurasia from India and Iran to Europe. of Eurasia from India and Iran to Europe.
, الهجرات الهندية الأوروبية هي هجرات المتحدث … الهجرات الهندية الأوروبية هي هجرات المتحدثين باللغة الهندية الأوروبية البدائية كما اقترح العديد من الباحثين المعاصرين، والهجرات اللاحقة للأشخاص الذين يتحدثون لغات هندية أوروبية أكثر تطوراً، وهو ما يفسر سبب التحدث باللغات الهندية الأوروبية في منطقة كبيرة تمتد من الهند وإيران إلى أوروبا.طقة كبيرة تمتد من الهند وإيران إلى أوروبا.
, Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un s … Les migracions indoeuropees comprenen un seguit de moviments de població dels parlants del protoindoeuropeu des del seu Urheimat o pàtria originària fins a àmplies regions d'Àsia i Europa. Aquestes migracions van expandir l'idioma nadiu dels protoindoeuropeus que amb el temps es va anar fragmentant fins a donar lloc a les diferents llengües indoeuropees. S'han reconstruït amb una combinació de testimonis arqueològics, genètics i reconstruccions lingüístiques però existeixen desacords entre els investigadors sobre algunes rutes migratòries, especialment les inicials, ja que s'han postulat diferents orígens per als protoindoeuropeus.ferents orígens per als protoindoeuropeus.
, Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kel … Migrasi Indo-Eropa adalah migrasi dari kelompok-kelompok penggembala berbahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang berpindah dari wilayah Yamnaya dan stepa Pontus–Kaspia yang terkait secara budaya, yang sejak kira-kira tahun 4000 SM. Mereka menyebar ke seantero Eropa dan Asia, dan membentuk budaya baru bersama berbagai kelompok budaya yang ditemui dalam perpindahan tersebut, antara lain dengan kelompok budaya Tembikar Bertanda Tali di Eropa Utara dan kelompok budaya Weda di India.a Utara dan kelompok budaya Weda di India.
, Migrações Indo-Europeias foram as migraçõe … Migrações Indo-Europeias foram as migrações dos povos pastoris que falavam a língua proto-indo-europeia. Relacionados aos e outros povos, partiram da estepe pôntica, no leste europeu, por volta dos anos 4000 a.C. Seus descendentes espalharam-se por toda Europa e partes da Ásia, formando novas culturas com as comunidades locais, incluindo a cultura da cerâmica cordada no norte da Europa e a cultura védica no subcontinente indiano. Essas migrações, em última instância, semearam as culturas e língua de grande parte da Europa, do Irã, e do subcontinente Indiano. Posteriormente, resultou na maior e mais fala família linguística no mundo. e mais fala família linguística no mundo.
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| rdfs:label |
Migrações indo-europeias
, الهجرات الهندية الأوروبية
, Migraciones indoeuropeas
, Migrasi Indo-Eropa
, Indo-European migrations
, Migracions indoeuropees
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Yamnaya_culture +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Comparative_method_%28linguistics%29 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Haplogroup_R1a +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Language_shift +
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