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The history of computing in the Soviet Uni … The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM) at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in the Soviet Union was overcome by a Khrushchev era policy that encouraged computer production. By the early 1970s, the uncoordinated work of competing government ministries had left the Soviet computer industry in disarray. Due to lack of common standards for peripherals and lack of digital storage capacity the Soviet Union's technology significantly lagged behind the West's semiconductor industry. The Soviet government decided to abandon development of original computer designs and encouraged cloning of existing Western systems (e.g. the 1801 CPU series was scrapped in favor of the PDP-11 ISA by the early 80s). Soviet industry was unable to mass-produce computers to acceptable quality standards and locally manufactured copies of Western hardware were unreliable. As personal computers spread to industries and offices in the West, the Soviet Union's technological lag increased. Nearly all Soviet computer manufacturers ceased operations after the breakup of the Soviet Union. A few companies that survived into 1990s used foreign components and never achieved large production volumes.d never achieved large production volumes.
, La storia dell'informatica nell'Unione Sov … La storia dell'informatica nell'Unione Sovietica iniziò alla fine degli anni quaranta, quando il paese iniziò a sviluppare il presso l'Istituto di elettrotecnica di Kiev. Una prima opposizione ideologica alla cibernetica nell'Unione Sovietica fu superata durante il governo di Nikita Chruščëv e la produzione di computer fu ufficialmente incoraggiata nel corso del disgelo. All'inizio degli anni settanta, il lavoro non coordinato dei ministeri del governo aveva lasciato all'industria dei computer sovietica priva di standard comuni in termini di periferiche e capacità digitale, il che causava un significativo ritardo tecnologico rispetto ai produttori occidentali. Il governo sovietico decise quindi di abbandonare lo sviluppo di progetti originali a favore di copie di sistemi occidentali. All'industria sovietica mancava la tecnologia per produrre in serie computer con standard di qualità accettabili e le copie fabbricate localmente di hardware occidentale erano spesso inaffidabili. Man mano che i personal computer si diffondevano nelle industrie e uffici in Occidente, il ritardo tecnologico dell'URSS divenne sempre più evidente. Quasi tutti i produttori di computer sovietici cessarono le operazioni dopo la dissoluzione dell'Unione Sovietica. Le poche aziende sopravvissute negli anni novanta utilizzarono componenti straniere e non raggiunsero mai grandi volumi di produzione.ggiunsero mai grandi volumi di produzione.
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La storia dell'informatica nell'Unione Sov … La storia dell'informatica nell'Unione Sovietica iniziò alla fine degli anni quaranta, quando il paese iniziò a sviluppare il presso l'Istituto di elettrotecnica di Kiev. Una prima opposizione ideologica alla cibernetica nell'Unione Sovietica fu superata durante il governo di Nikita Chruščëv e la produzione di computer fu ufficialmente incoraggiata nel corso del disgelo.lmente incoraggiata nel corso del disgelo.
, The history of computing in the Soviet Uni … The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM) at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in the Soviet Union was overcome by a Khrushchev era policy that encouraged computer production. Nearly all Soviet computer manufacturers ceased operations after the breakup of the Soviet Union. A few companies that survived into 1990s used foreign components and never achieved large production volumes.d never achieved large production volumes.
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, History of computing in the Soviet Union
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