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De persvrijheid in Turkije is vastgelegd i … De persvrijheid in Turkije is vastgelegd in artikel 26 van de Turkse grondwet maar is in de praktijk niettemin beperkt en bovendien verder ingeperkt sinds de landelijke Gezi Park-protesten in 2013, en de mislukte staatsgreep van 2016. Dit artikel bespreekt de geschiedenis van de persvrijheid in het land.chiedenis van de persvrijheid in het land.
, تُنظّم الرقابة في تركيا من خلال التشريعات … تُنظّم الرقابة في تركيا من خلال التشريعات المحلية والدولية، وللأخيرة نظريًا الأسبقية على القانون المحلي، وفقًا للمادة 90 من دستور تركيا (المعدّل عام 2004). تدهورت حرية وسائل الإعلام في تركيا بشكل طردي على الرغم من الأحكام القانونية بدءًا من عام 2010، تلاه انخفاض حاد عقب محاولة الانقلاب في يوليو من عام 2016. قام الرئيس رجب طيب أردوغان باعتقال مئات الصحفيين وإغلاق والاستيلاء على عشرات وسائل الإعلام، بالإضافة إلى حظر الصحفيين وعائلاتهم من السفر. يشكل صحفيو تركيا حاليًا ثلث نسبة الصحفيين المسجونين في جميع أنحاء العالم بحسب بعض الروايات. صنفت منظمة بيت الحرية أو فريدم هاوس تركيا على أنها بلد غير حرّ منذ عام 2013، وصنفت منظمة مراسلون بلا حدود تركيا في الرتبة 149 من بين أكثر من 180 دولة، فوقعت بين المكسيك وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية، بمجموع 44.16. سجلت وكالة الصحافة التركية المستقلة «بيانيت» تعاظمًا في الهجمات على وسائل الإعلام المعارضة خلال ولاية الحكومة المؤقتة لحزب العدالة والتنمية. أكّد تقرير رقابة وكالة بيانيت الأخير لعام 2015 هذا التوجّه وأنّه بمجرّد استعادة الأغلبية بعد ولاية الحكومة المؤقتة لحزب العدالة والتنمية، ازداد ضغط الحكومة التركية على وسائل الإعلام في البلاد.حكومة التركية على وسائل الإعلام في البلاد.
, La base legale per la censura in Turchia i … La base legale per la censura in Turchia in generale deriva dalle leggi che limitano tutte le espressioni considerate offensive per l'identità turca, e quelle che esaltano l' politico. La censura in Turchia è regolata da leggi statali e internazionali – che hanno precedenza sulle leggi statali, in accordo con l'Articolo 90 (Ratificazione di Trattati Internazionali) della Costituzione (così emendata nel 2004). Nonostante le protezioni previste dall'articolo 90, la Turchia si trova al 148º posto su 169 della Classifica mondiale della Libertà di stampa 2011-2012 di Reporter Senza Frontiere. Nel quadro delle negoziazioni con l’Unione Europea, quest'ultima ha richiesto alla Turchia l'emissione di riforme legali dirette a migliorare la libertà di espressione e di stampa.are la libertà di espressione e di stampa.
, Die Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit in der Tü … Die Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit in der Türkei ist durch Artikel 26 der türkischen Verfassung von 1982 garantiert, aber de facto fortwährenden Eingriffen ausgesetzt. Die Türkei gehört zu den Ländern mit den meisten inhaftierten Journalisten weltweit und belegt in der Rangliste der Pressefreiheit 2021 Platz 153 von 180.der Pressefreiheit 2021 Platz 153 von 180.
, Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domes … Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domestic and international legislation, the latter (in theory) taking precedence over domestic law, according to Article 90 of the Constitution of Turkey (so amended in 2004). Despite legal provisions, freedom of the press in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from 2010 onwards, with a precipitous decline following the attempted coup in July 2016. The Turkish government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has arrested hundreds of journalists, closed or taken over dozens of media outlets, and prevented journalists and their families from traveling. By some accounts, Turkey currently accounts for one-third of all journalists imprisoned around the world. Since 2013, Freedom House ranks Turkey as "Not Free". Reporters Without Borders ranked Turkey at the 149th place out of over 180 countries, between Mexico and DR Congo, with a score of 44.16. In the third quarter of 2015, the independent Turkish press agency Bianet recorded a strengthening of attacks on opposition media under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) interim government. Bianet's final 2015 monitoring report confirmed this trend and underlined that, once the AKP had regained a majority in parliament after the AKP interim government period, the Turkish government further intensified its pressure on the country's media. According to Freedom House, The government enacted new laws that expanded both the state's power to block websites and the surveillance capability of the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). Journalists faced unprecedented legal obstacles as the courts restricted reporting on corruption and national security issues. The authorities also continued to aggressively use the penal code, criminal defamation laws, and the antiterrorism law to crack down on journalists and media outlets.Verbal attacks on journalists by senior politicians—including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the incumbent prime minister who was elected president in August—were often followed by harassment and even death threats against the targeted journalists on social media. Meanwhile, the government continued to use the financial and other leverage it holds over media owners to influence coverage of politically sensitive issues. Several dozen journalists, including prominent columnists, lost their jobs as a result of such pressure during the year, and those who remained had to operate in a climate of increasing self-censorship and media polarization. In 2012 and 2013 the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) ranked Turkey as the worst journalist jailer in the world (ahead of Iran and China), with 49 journalists sitting in jail in 2012 and 40 in 2013. Twitter's 2014 Transparency Report showed that Turkey filed over five times more content removal requests to Twitter than any other country in the second half of 2014, with requests rising another 150% in 2015. During its rule since 2002 the ruling AKP has gradually expanded its control over media. Today, numerous newspapers, TV channels and internet portals dubbed as Yandaş Medya ("Partisan Media") or Havuz Medyası ("Pool Media") continue their heavy pro-government propaganda. Several media groups receive preferential treatment in exchange for AKP-friendly editorial policies. Some of these media organizations were acquired by AKP-friendly businesses through questionable funds and processes. Media not friendly to AKP, on the other hand, are threatened with intimidation, inspections and fines. These media group owners face similar threats to their other businesses. An increasing number of columnists have been fired for criticizing the AKP leadership. fired for criticizing the AKP leadership.
, Цензура в Турции (тур. Türkiye'de sansür) … Цензура в Турции (тур. Türkiye'de sansür) регулируется внутренним и международным правом, причем последнее (по крайней мере, теоретически) имеет приоритет над национальным законодательством в соответствии со статьёй 90 Конституции Турции (с поправками, принятыми в 2004 году). Несмотря на законодательные положения, свобода СМИ в Турции неуклонно ухудшалась с 2010 года, причём после попытки государственного переворота в июле 2016 года она сократилась особенно резко. При президенте Реджепе Эрдогане были арестовано сотни журналистов, закрыты или захвачены десятки СМИ, отменены аккредитации для многих журналистов. По некоторым данным, на Турцию в настоящее время приходится треть всех журналистов, заключенных в тюрьму по всему миру. С 2013 года Freedom House оценивает Турцию как «несвободную» страну. Репортёры без границ поставили Турцию на 149-е место из более чем 180 стран, поместив её между Мексикой и ДР Конго, с результатом 44,16. В третьем квартале 2015 года независимое турецкое агентство печати Bianet зафиксировало усиление атак на оппозиционные СМИ при временном правительстве Партии справедливости и развития (ПСР). Окончательный отчёт Bianet по мониторингу за 2015 год подтвердил эту тенденцию и подчеркнул, что после того, как ПСР вернула себе большинство в парламенте после периода временного правления, правительство Турции ещё больше усилило своё давление на СМИ страны. В 2012 и 2013 годах Комитет защиты журналистов оценил Турцию как худшую страну по количеству сидящих в тюрьме журналистов (впереди Ирана и Китая ): 49 журналистов пребывали в заключении в 2012 году и 40 ― в 2013 году. Отчет о прозрачности за 2014 год, представленный Twitter, показал, что во второй половине 2014 года Турция подала в Twitter пять раз больше запросов на удаление контента, чем любая другая страна, причём в 2015 году количество запросов увеличилось ещё на 150%. В течение своего 12-летнего правления ПСР постепенно расширяла свой контроль над СМИ. Сегодня многочисленные газеты, телеканалы и интернет-порталы, получившие название Yandaş Medya («партийные СМИ») или Havuz Medyası («пул медиа»), продолжают свою активную проправительственную пропаганду. Несколько медиа-групп получают льготный режим в обмен на дружественную ПСР редакционную политику. Некоторые из этих медийных организаций были приобретены дружественными ПСР предприятиями через сомнительные фонды и процедуры. С другой стороны, СМИ, не лояльные ПСР, находятся под угрозой запугивания, проверок и штрафов. Владельцы этих медиа-групп сталкиваются с аналогичными угрозами для других своих предприятий. Всё большее число обозревателей оказывается уволено за критику руководства ПСР.вается уволено за критику руководства ПСР.
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| rdfs:comment |
De persvrijheid in Turkije is vastgelegd i … De persvrijheid in Turkije is vastgelegd in artikel 26 van de Turkse grondwet maar is in de praktijk niettemin beperkt en bovendien verder ingeperkt sinds de landelijke Gezi Park-protesten in 2013, en de mislukte staatsgreep van 2016. Dit artikel bespreekt de geschiedenis van de persvrijheid in het land.chiedenis van de persvrijheid in het land.
, تُنظّم الرقابة في تركيا من خلال التشريعات … تُنظّم الرقابة في تركيا من خلال التشريعات المحلية والدولية، وللأخيرة نظريًا الأسبقية على القانون المحلي، وفقًا للمادة 90 من دستور تركيا (المعدّل عام 2004). تدهورت حرية وسائل الإعلام في تركيا بشكل طردي على الرغم من الأحكام القانونية بدءًا من عام 2010، تلاه انخفاض حاد عقب محاولة الانقلاب في يوليو من عام 2016. قام الرئيس رجب طيب أردوغان باعتقال مئات الصحفيين وإغلاق والاستيلاء على عشرات وسائل الإعلام، بالإضافة إلى حظر الصحفيين وعائلاتهم من السفر. يشكل صحفيو تركيا حاليًا ثلث نسبة الصحفيين المسجونين في جميع أنحاء العالم بحسب بعض الروايات.ين في جميع أنحاء العالم بحسب بعض الروايات.
, Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domestic and international legislation, the latter (in theory) taking precedence over domestic law, according to Article 90 of the Constitution of Turkey (so amended in 2004). According to Freedom House,
, Цензура в Турции (тур. Türkiye'de sansür) … Цензура в Турции (тур. Türkiye'de sansür) регулируется внутренним и международным правом, причем последнее (по крайней мере, теоретически) имеет приоритет над национальным законодательством в соответствии со статьёй 90 Конституции Турции (с поправками, принятыми в 2004 году).ции (с поправками, принятыми в 2004 году).
, La base legale per la censura in Turchia i … La base legale per la censura in Turchia in generale deriva dalle leggi che limitano tutte le espressioni considerate offensive per l'identità turca, e quelle che esaltano l' politico. La censura in Turchia è regolata da leggi statali e internazionali – che hanno precedenza sulle leggi statali, in accordo con l'Articolo 90 (Ratificazione di Trattati Internazionali) della Costituzione (così emendata nel 2004). Nonostante le protezioni previste dall'articolo 90, la Turchia si trova al 148º posto su 169 della Classifica mondiale della Libertà di stampa 2011-2012 di Reporter Senza Frontiere. Nel quadro delle negoziazioni con l’Unione Europea, quest'ultima ha richiesto alla Turchia l'emissione di riforme legali dirette a migliorare la libertà di espressione e di stampa.are la libertà di espressione e di stampa.
, Die Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit in der Tü … Die Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit in der Türkei ist durch Artikel 26 der türkischen Verfassung von 1982 garantiert, aber de facto fortwährenden Eingriffen ausgesetzt. Die Türkei gehört zu den Ländern mit den meisten inhaftierten Journalisten weltweit und belegt in der Rangliste der Pressefreiheit 2021 Platz 153 von 180.der Pressefreiheit 2021 Platz 153 von 180.
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| rdfs:label |
Цензура в Турции
, الرقابة في تركيا
, Penyensoran di Turki
, Persvrijheid in Turkije
, Pressefreiheit in der Türkei
, Censorship in Turkey
, Censura in Turchia
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Mass_media +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Censorship_of_YouTube +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Turkey +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Television +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Turkey%27s_media_purge_after_the_failed_July_2016_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/List_of_ECHR_cases_concerning_Article_10 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Transparency_of_media_ownership +
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