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インディアン寄宿学校（インディアンきしゅくがっこう、Indian boarding school）とは、19世紀後半から20世紀にかけて主としてアメリカ合衆国やカナダで作られたインディアンの若年者を同化教育（Americanization）するための私立施設。
, 美国印第安人寄宿学校存在于17世纪中期至20世纪，目标为使美洲原住民儿童“开化”，即 … 美国印第安人寄宿学校存在于17世纪中期至20世纪，目标为使美洲原住民儿童“开化”，即融入欧洲文化。学校采用西式教育，强迫原住民儿童放弃原有的语言和信仰。 印第安人寄宿学校最初由不同教派的基督教传教士建立，美国联邦政府亦经常授权传教士在印第安人保留地开设寄宿学校。 19世纪末至20世纪初，美国政府正式要求为保留地儿童提供基础教育。 寄宿学校会使原住民儿童”沉浸“在西方文化中，并采取各种手段抹去他们身上的”土著印记“，将他们”基督教化“，包括剪去长发、发放美式校服、禁止说土著语言、强制使用英语名字等等。 寄宿学校的管理通常极为苛刻。学校的环境卫生也饱受诟病，时有学生因传染病死去。20世纪后期的一项调查显示，许多寄宿学校对学生施加了性虐待、强迫劳动、身体虐待和精神虐待。 20世纪后期以降，原住民部落通过各种方式使联邦通过立法，赋予他们自主使用、决定如何教育孩子的权利，原住民部落还在保留地内建立了多所大学和。 到2007年，大多数印第安人寄宿学校已经关闭，寄宿学校内的原住民儿童下降到9500名。 仍有数百名已故的原住民儿童尚未找到，在全美国范围内，相关事件的调查已经大规模开展。 仍有数百名已故的原住民儿童尚未找到，在全美国范围内，相关事件的调查已经大规模开展。
, Индейская школа-интернат, англ. Indian boarding school — тип школы, множество которых было основано в США в конце XIX — начале XX века с целью приобщения детей индейцев к образу жизни белых американцев.
, Les pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États … Les pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États-Unis (American Indian boarding schools), appelés aussi écoles résidentielles pour Indiens (Indian Residential Schools), sont un réseau de pensionnats instaurés aux États-Unis dès le début du XIXe siècle et jusqu'au milieu du XXe siècle dans l'intention de « civiliser » les enfants et jeunes autochtones des États-Unis ou de les assimiler dans la culture euro-américaine. Dans ce processus d'acculturation, les écoles dénigraient la culture des premiers habitants des États-Unis et les enfants devaient abandonner leur langue et leur religion. En parallèle, les élèves recevaient une instruction élémentaire centrée sur les thèmes euro-américains. À l'origine, ces pensionnats sont fondés par des missionnaires chrétiens de diverses tendances, avec l'approbation du gouvernement fédéral pour l'implantation de missions et d'écoles sur les réserves indiennes, notamment dans les secteurs relativement déserts de l'Ouest. À la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle, le gouvernement fédéral rémunère les ordres religieux qui proposent une instruction élémentaire aux enfants autochtones dans les réserves, avant d'établir son propre réseau éducatif. Le Bureau des affaires indiennes a également établi des pensionnats basés sur le modèle de l'assimilation hors des réserves. Les enfants qui les intégraient étaient parfois issus de tribus diverses. Les ordres religieux ont aussi ouvert des écoles hors des réserves. Les enfants étaient en général plongés dans la culture euro-américaine. Les pensionnats obligeaient les élèves à abandonner les symboles de leur cultures d'origine : leurs cheveux étaient coupés, ils devaient porter des uniformes de style américain, ils n'avaient pas le droit de parler leurs langues maternelles et leurs noms traditionnels étaient remplacés par des noms anglophones, afin de les assimiler et de les « christianiser ». Souvent, le régime dans ces écoles était sévère, voire mortel, surtout pour les plus jeunes enfants séparés de force de leurs familles et contraints d'abandonner leurs identités et cultures d'origine. Des enquêtes menées vers la fin du XXe siècle ont révélé de nombreux documents attestant de problèmes d'abus sexuels et de sévices physiques et psychologiques perpétrés principalement dans les écoles dirigées par des églises. Le National Museum of the American Indian signale néanmoins que certains anciens pensionnaires conservent un bon souvenir de leurs années d'école, où ils ont acquis des compétences et gagné des amitiés durables.compétences et gagné des amitiés durables.
, De Indian Boarding Schools, ofwel kostscho … De Indian Boarding Schools, ofwel kostscholen voor indianen, waren vanaf circa 1880 tot de jaren 70 van de 20e eeuw opvoedingsinstituten voor indiaanse kinderen in de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. Op deze scholen probeerde men de leerlingen hun traditionele leefwijze af te leren ten gunste van westerse normen en waarden, inclusief het christendom. De eerste kostschool voor indianen werd in 1879 opgericht in Pennsylvania, er werden toen 139 Sioux uit South Dakota opgenomen. Uiteindelijk werden er scholen in het hele land ingezet om indiaanse kinderen te leren zich aan te passen aan de Amerikaanse blanke samenleving. Na de aanname van de 'Freedom of Religion Act' in 1978 werden de scholen gesloten. Er lopen er nog rechtszaken tegen voormalige leraren wegens fysieke mishandeling van leerlingen.egens fysieke mishandeling van leerlingen.
, Індіанська школа-інтернат (англ. Indian boarding school) — тип школи, більшість з яких було засновано в США в кінці XIX — початку XX століття з метою залучення дітей індіанців до способу життя білих американців.
, American Indian boarding schools, also kno … American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid 17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture. In the process, these schools denigrated Native American culture and made children give up their languages and religion. At the same time the schools provided a basic Western education. These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations. The missionaries were often approved by the federal government to start both missions and schools on reservations, especially in the lightly populated areas of the West. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries especially, the government paid religious orders to provide basic education to Native American children on reservations, and later established its own schools on reservations. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) also founded additional off-reservation boarding schools based on the assimilation model. These sometimes drew children from a variety of tribes. In addition, religious orders established off-reservation schools. Children were typically immersed in European-American culture. Schools forced removal of indigenous cultural signifiers: cutting the children's hair, having them wear American-style uniforms, forbidding them from speaking their indigenous languages, and replacing their tribal names with English-language names (saints names under some religious orders) for use at the schools, as part of assimilation and to "Christianize" them. The schools were usually harsh, especially for younger children who had been forcibly separated from their families and forced to abandon their Native American identities and cultures. Children sometimes died in the school system due to infectious disease. Investigations of the later twentieth century revealed cases of sexual, manual, physical and mental abuse, occurring mostly in church-run schools. Summarizing recent scholarship from Native perspectives, Dr. Julie Davis said: Boarding schools embodied both victimization and agency for Native people and they served as sites of both cultural loss and cultural persistence. These institutions, intended to assimilate Native people into mainstream society and eradicate Native cultures, became integral components of American Indian identities and eventually fueled the drive for political and cultural self-determination in the late 20th century. Since those years, tribal nations have carried out political activism and gained legislation and federal policy that gives them the power to decide how to use federal education funds, how they educate their children, and the authority to establish their own community-based schools. Tribes have also founded numerous tribal colleges and universities on reservations. Tribal control over their schools has been supported by federal legislation and changing practices by the BIA. By 2007, most of the boarding schools had been closed down, and the number of Native American children in boarding schools had declined to 9,500. Although there are hundreds of deceased Indigenous children yet to be found, investigations are increasing across the United States.s are increasing across the United States.
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--12-17
, Henry Knox to George Washington, 1790s.
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... instead of exterminating a part of the … ... instead of exterminating a part of the human race ... we had persevered ... and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country ... But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America – This opinion is probably more convenient than just.ion is probably more convenient than just.
, I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose t … I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families. Be assured you will support them better and with less labor, by raising stock and bread, and by spinning and weaving clothes, than by hunting. A little land cultivated, and a little labor, will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving, than a man by hunting. Compared with you, we are but as of yesterday in this land. Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry, and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us. Follow then our example, brethren, and we will aid you with great pleasure ...nd we will aid you with great pleasure ...
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美国印第安人寄宿学校存在于17世纪中期至20世纪，目标为使美洲原住民儿童“开化”，即 … 美国印第安人寄宿学校存在于17世纪中期至20世纪，目标为使美洲原住民儿童“开化”，即融入欧洲文化。学校采用西式教育，强迫原住民儿童放弃原有的语言和信仰。 印第安人寄宿学校最初由不同教派的基督教传教士建立，美国联邦政府亦经常授权传教士在印第安人保留地开设寄宿学校。 19世纪末至20世纪初，美国政府正式要求为保留地儿童提供基础教育。 寄宿学校会使原住民儿童”沉浸“在西方文化中，并采取各种手段抹去他们身上的”土著印记“，将他们”基督教化“，包括剪去长发、发放美式校服、禁止说土著语言、强制使用英语名字等等。 寄宿学校的管理通常极为苛刻。学校的环境卫生也饱受诟病，时有学生因传染病死去。20世纪后期的一项调查显示，许多寄宿学校对学生施加了性虐待、强迫劳动、身体虐待和精神虐待。 20世纪后期以降，原住民部落通过各种方式使联邦通过立法，赋予他们自主使用、决定如何教育孩子的权利，原住民部落还在保留地内建立了多所大学和。 到2007年，大多数印第安人寄宿学校已经关闭，寄宿学校内的原住民儿童下降到9500名。 仍有数百名已故的原住民儿童尚未找到，在全美国范围内，相关事件的调查已经大规模开展。 仍有数百名已故的原住民儿童尚未找到，在全美国范围内，相关事件的调查已经大规模开展。
, Les pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États … Les pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États-Unis (American Indian boarding schools), appelés aussi écoles résidentielles pour Indiens (Indian Residential Schools), sont un réseau de pensionnats instaurés aux États-Unis dès le début du XIXe siècle et jusqu'au milieu du XXe siècle dans l'intention de « civiliser » les enfants et jeunes autochtones des États-Unis ou de les assimiler dans la culture euro-américaine. Dans ce processus d'acculturation, les écoles dénigraient la culture des premiers habitants des États-Unis et les enfants devaient abandonner leur langue et leur religion. En parallèle, les élèves recevaient une instruction élémentaire centrée sur les thèmes euro-américains.re centrée sur les thèmes euro-américains.
, インディアン寄宿学校（インディアンきしゅくがっこう、Indian boarding school）とは、19世紀後半から20世紀にかけて主としてアメリカ合衆国やカナダで作られたインディアンの若年者を同化教育（Americanization）するための私立施設。
, Індіанська школа-інтернат (англ. Indian boarding school) — тип школи, більшість з яких було засновано в США в кінці XIX — початку XX століття з метою залучення дітей індіанців до способу життя білих американців.
, De Indian Boarding Schools, ofwel kostscho … De Indian Boarding Schools, ofwel kostscholen voor indianen, waren vanaf circa 1880 tot de jaren 70 van de 20e eeuw opvoedingsinstituten voor indiaanse kinderen in de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. Op deze scholen probeerde men de leerlingen hun traditionele leefwijze af te leren ten gunste van westerse normen en waarden, inclusief het christendom.men en waarden, inclusief het christendom.
, Индейская школа-интернат, англ. Indian boarding school — тип школы, множество которых было основано в США в конце XIX — начале XX века с целью приобщения детей индейцев к образу жизни белых американцев.
, American Indian boarding schools, also kno … American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid 17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture. In the process, these schools denigrated Native American culture and made children give up their languages and religion. At the same time the schools provided a basic Western education. These boarding schools were first established by Christian missionaries of various denominations. The missionaries were often approved by the federal government to start both missions and schools on reservations, especially in the lightly populated areas of the West. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries en the late 19th and early 20th centuries e
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Інтернати американських індіанців
, Indian Boarding School
, American Indian boarding schools
, インディアン寄宿学校
, Pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États-Unis
, 美国的印第安人寄宿学校
, Индейские школы-интернаты
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Wisconsin +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/American_Indian_boarding_schools +
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