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Con letteratura afroamericana si definisce … Con letteratura afroamericana si definisce il corpus letterario prodotto negli Stati Uniti d'America da scrittori di discendenza africana. Tuttavia, dal momento che le storie e le vite degli afroamericani sono estremamente diverse lo stesso si può dire della loro letteratura. Le origini di questo genere letterario risalgono alla fine XVIII secolo quando compaiono le opere di scrittori come Phillis Wheatley e Olaudah Equiano; raggiunge ben presto un livello molto elevato con i fenomeni della e del Rinascimento di Harlem e prosegue attualmente con il lavoro di autori come Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou e Walter Mosley, che sono considerati tra i migliori scrittori statunitensi contemporanei. Tra le tematiche e le questioni affrontate della letteratura afroamericana vi sono il ruolo degli afroamericani all'interno della società statunitense, la cultura afroamericana, il razzismo, la schiavitù e l'eguaglianza. La letteratura afroamericana tende ad incorporare varie forme d'arte della tradizione orale come gli spiritual, i sermoni religiosi, il gospel, il blues e il rap. Come nel corso dei secoli è mutato il ruolo degli afroamericani, così sono cambiate anche le tematiche affrontate dalla loro letteratura.Prima della guerra di secessione americana la letteratura afroamericana ha posto la propria attenzione principalmente sul tema della schiavitù, argomento che ha dato vita addirittura ad un particolare sottogenere. All'inizio del XX secolo i libri di autori come W.E.B. DuBois e Booker T. Washington riflettevano su come confrontarsi con l'atteggiamento razzista diffuso negli Stati Uniti. Nel periodo del movimento per i diritti civili, altri autori (come Richard Wright e Gwendolyn Brooks) affrontarono la segregazione razziale e il nazionalismo nero. Oggi la letteratura afroamericana è stata accettata come parte integrante della letteratura americana; libri come Radici di Alex Haley, Il colore viola di Alice Walker e Amatissima di Toni Morrison sono diventati degli autentici bestseller e hanno ottenuto importanti premi.tseller e hanno ottenuto importanti premi.
, La literatura afroamericana és la tradició literària pertanyent als afroamericans i, per tant, part de la literatura dels Estats Units d'Amèrica en la mateixa mesura que es pot considerar com una literatura específica.
, African American literature is the body of … African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley. Before the high point of slave narratives, African-American literature was dominated by autobiographical spiritual narratives. The genre known as slave narratives in the 19th century were accounts by people who had generally escaped from slavery, about their journeys to freedom and ways they claimed their lives. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was a great period of flowering in literature and the arts, influenced both by writers who came North in the Great Migration and those who were immigrants from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands. African American writers have been recognized by the highest awards, including the Nobel Prize given to Toni Morrison in 1993. Among the themes and issues explored in this literature are the role of African Americans within the larger American society, African-American culture, racism, slavery, and social equality. African-American writing has tended to incorporate oral forms, such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues, or rap. As African Americans' place in American society has changed over the centuries, so has the focus of African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, the literature primarily consisted of memoirs by people who had escaped from slavery; the genre of slave narratives included accounts of life under slavery and the path of justice and redemption to freedom. There was an early distinction between the literature of freed slaves and the literature of free blacks born in the North. Free blacks expressed their oppression in a different narrative form. Free blacks in the North often spoke out against slavery and racial injustices by using the spiritual narrative. The spiritual addressed many of the same themes of slave narratives, but has been largely ignored in current scholarly conversation. At the turn of the 20th century, non-fiction works by authors such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington debated how to confront racism in the United States. During the Civil Rights Movement, authors such as Richard Wright and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Today, African-American literature has become accepted as an integral part of American literature, with books such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley, The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker, which won the Pulitzer Prize; and Beloved by Toni Morrison achieving both best-selling and award-winning status. In broad terms, African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States. It is highly varied. African-American literature has generally focused on the role of African Americans within the larger American society and what it means to be an American. As Princeton University professor Albert J. Raboteau has said, all African-American literary study "speaks to the deeper meaning of the African-American presence in this nation. This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all." African American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in the United States, along with further themes such as African-American culture, racism, religion, slavery, a sense of home, segregation, migration, feminism, and more. African-American literature presents experience from an African-American point of view. In the early Republic, African-American literature represented a way for free blacks to negotiate their identity in an individualized republic. They often tried to exercise their political and social autonomy in the face of resistance from the white public. Thus, an early theme of African-American literature was, like other American writings, what it meant to be a citizen in post-Revolutionary America.e a citizen in post-Revolutionary America.
, الأدب الأفريقي-أمريكي هي هيئة أدبية ينتجها … الأدب الأفريقي-أمريكي هي هيئة أدبية ينتجها الكتاب المنحدرين من أصل أفريقي في الولايات المتحدة. ويبدأت ببعض أعمال من كتاب أواخر القرن الثامن عشر مثل فيليس ويتلي واكيوانو اولوداه، وتوصلوا إلى نقاط عالية المبكرة مع حكايات الرقيق في القرن التاسع عشر. نهضة هارلم العشرينات من القرن الماضي كان وقت ازدهار الأدب والفنون. كتاب الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي عترفوا بأعلى الجوائز، بما في ذلك جائزة نوبل توني موريسون والحائز على جائزة والتر موزلي يجري ترتيبها بين كبار الكتاب في الولايات المتحدة. بين المواضيع والقضايا التي بحثت في هذه الكتابات هي دور الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي داخل المجتمع الأميركي أكبر، ثقافة الأميركيين الأفارقة والعنصرية، والرق، والمساواة. وينزع كتابة أصل أفريقي لإدراج أشكال الشفوي، مثل سبيريتوالس، وخطب الراب وكآبة والموسيقى الإنجيل. تم تغيير مكان الأمريكيين الأفارقة في المجتمع الأميركي على مر القرون وكذلك تركيز الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي. قبل الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، تألفت الأدب أساسا من مذكراته بالناس الذين هربوا من الرق؛ هذا النوع من السرد الرقيق شملت حسابات للحياة في ظل الرق وطريق الخلاص للحرية والعدالة. في مطلع القرن العشرين، الأعمال غير الخيالية لكتاب مثل ويليام إدوارد بولغارت و وكر ت. واشنطن تناقش ما إذا كانت مواجهة أو تهدئة المواقف العنصرية في الولايات المتحدة. خلال حركة «الحقوق المدنية الأمريكية»، كتب المؤلفين مثل ريتشارد رأيت وبروكس جويندولين حول المسائل المتعلقة التفرقة العنصرية والنزعة القومية السوداء. واليوم، أصبح مقبولاً الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي وكجزء لا يتجزأ من الأدب الأميركي، مع الكتب مثل جذور: ملحمة عائلة أميركية أليكس هالي، اللون الأرجواني (1982) أليس ووكر، التي فازت جائزة بوليتزر؛ و الحبيب من قبل توني موريسون تحقيق المركز الأكثر مبيعاً والحائز على جائزة. وبصفة عامة، يمكن تعريف الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي ككتابات بالمنحدرين من أصل أفريقي الذين يعيشون في الولايات المتحدة. هو تنوعاً عاليا. الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي عموما ركزت على دور الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في المجتمع الأمريكي أكبر وما يعنيه أن يكون مواطنا اميركيا. كما قال أستاذ جامعة برينستون ألبرت جيه رابوتو، دراسة جميع الأميركيين الأفارقة «يتحدث عن معنى أعمق لوجود الأميركيين الأفارقة في هذه الأمة. هذا الوجود دائماً كانت اختبارا للمطالبات في البلاد بالحرية، والديمقراطية والمساواة والشمولية لجميع». الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي يبحث قضايا الحرية والمساواة طويلة نفي للسود في الولايات المتحدة، جنبا إلى جنب مع مواضيع أخرى مثل الثقافة الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي، العنصرية، والدين، والرق، إحساس بالمنزل. وأكثر.صرية، والدين، والرق، إحساس بالمنزل. وأكثر.
, Афроамериканская литература — литература, написанная представителями чернокожего населения США, преимущественно на английском языке (в том числе на его афроамериканской разновидности).
, Als Afroamerikanische Literatur ist die mü … Als Afroamerikanische Literatur ist die mündliche Überlieferung und die schriftliche Literatur von Afroamerikanern zu verstehen, die meist in den USA oder Kanada leben. 1619 treffen auf einem holländischen Piratenschiff die ersten zwanzig schwarzen Sklaven auf dem Gebiet der späteren USA ein, denen hunderttausende folgen. Das fortdauernde Trauma der Sklaverei sollte die afroamerikanische Literatur ebenso prägen wie der Kampf um soziale und politische Gleichstellung. Die Bedeutung der Literatur für diese Auseinandersetzungen erklärt sich insbesondere daraus, dass die Sklaverei mit der Dehumanisierung schwarzer Menschen gerechtfertigt wurde. Man leugnete teils ihre Vernunftbegabung, teils sprach man ihnen ab, Menschen mit einer Seele zu sein. So meint Thomas Jefferson in Notes on the State of Virginia, unter den Sklaven gebe es zwar viel Unglück, aber keine Poesie. Afroamerikanische Schriftsteller schreiben bis heute gegen diese intellektuelle Herabwürdigung an.en diese intellektuelle Herabwürdigung an.
, Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat adalah badan … Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat adalah badan literasi di Amerika Serikat yang didirikan oleh para penulis keturunan Afrika. Badan ini dimulai dengan munculnya karya-karya sastrawan pada akhir abad ke-18, seperti Phillis Wheatley. Sebelum mencapai poin tinggi dari narasi budak, sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat didominasi oleh narasi autobiografi spiritual. Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat mencapai poin tinggi melalui pada abad ke-19. Harlem Renaissance yang tampil pada dasawarsa 1920-an mengalami kejayaan. Penulis-penulis Afrika-Amerika Serikat dikenal karena paling banyak menerima penghargaan, antara Nobel untuk Toni Morrison. Di antara tema dan isu-isu yang dieksplorasi dalam literatur ini adalah peran Afrika Amerika dalam masyarakat Amerika yang lebih besar, kultur Afrika-Amerika Serikat, rasisme, perbudakan, dan kesetaraan sosial. Penulisan tentang Afrika-Amerika Serikat cenderung digabungkan dalam bentuk oral, seperti musik spiritual, petuah, musik gospel, blues, atau rap. Sebagaimana keturunan Afrika-Amerika Serikat di dalam masyarakat Amerika Serikat telah turut mengubah banyak negara, badan ini berfokus pada sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat. Sebelum Perang Sipil Amerika Serikat, perkembangan sastra utamanya diisi oleh memoar yang ditulis oleh rakyat yang terbebas dari perbudakan, sebuah genre berisi cerita kehidupan di bawah perbudaan dan jalan panjang menuju kemerdekaan. Pada awalnya ada pembeda antara sastra para budak yang terbebas dengan sastra kaum kulit hitam yang merdeka, yang lahir di daerah Utara. Kaum kulit hitam yang merdeka mengungkapkan kesengsaraan mereka melalui bentuk narasi berbeda. Kaum kulit hitam yang merdeka di daerah Utara terkadang bertutur tentang perlawanan terhadap perbudakan, keadilan rasial, dengan menggunakan narasi spiritual. Spiritual itu diungkapkan melalui tema yang sama, namun kemudian kebanyakan diabaikan dalam diskursus ilmiah. Memasuki abad ke-20, non-fiksi karya penulis seperti W. E. B. Du Bois dan Booker T. Washington memperdebatkan bagaimana kofrontasi perilaku rasis di Amerika Serikat. Selama gerakan hak asasi manusia, para pengarang seperti dan menulis tentang isu-isu dan . Sekarang sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat telah cukup diterima sebagai bagian integral dari sastra Amerika Serikat. melalui buku antara lain Roots: The Saga of an American Family karya Alex Haley, (1982) karya Alice Walker, yang memenangi penghargaan Pulitzer Prize; dan Beloved karya Toni Morrison yang meraih kesuksesan dalam penjualan, dan juga menerima penghargaan. Dalam pengertian luas, sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat dapat didefinisikan sebagai penulisan oleh warga keturunan Afrika yang tinggal di Amerika Serikat. Hal ini sangat variatif. sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat secara umum berfokus pada peran warga Afrika-Amerika Serikat sebagai bagian yang cukup besar dalam masyarakat Amerika Serikat, yang juga diartikan sebagai Amerika Serikat. Seperti dikatakan profesor dari Princeton University, , semua kajian tentang Afrika-Amerika Serikat "bertutur tentang kedalaman makna dari Afrika-Amerika Serikat pada masa sekarang, di negara ini. Kehadirannya selalu menajdi batu ujian bagi pengakuan nasional untuk kebebasan, demokrasi, kesetaraan, dan keterbukaan bagi semua." Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat menggali isu-isu kebebasan dan kesetaaraan yang sekian lama diabaikan kepada kaum kulit hitam di Amerika Serikat, bersama tema-tema lain seperti kebudayaan Afrika-Amerika Serikat, rasisme, agama, perbudaan, rasa sebagai tuan rumah, segregasi, migrasi, feminisme, dan sebagainya. Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat menghadirkan pengalaman warga Afrika-Amerika Serikat dari tinjauan Afrika-Amerika Serikat. Pada awal berdirinya Republik, sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat melempangkan jalan bagi kebebasan kaum kulit hitam untuk bernegosiasi identitas baru mereka sebagai individu bagian dari republik. Mereka terkadang mencoba untuk berlatih peran otonomi politik mereka dalam menghadapi penolakan kaum kulit putih republik.. Sehingga, memengaruhi tema pada awal sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat, seperti halnya penulisan tentang Amerika Serikat, yang dimaknai sebagai warga post Revolusi Amerika Serikat.bagai warga post Revolusi Amerika Serikat.
, La literatura afroestadounidense es la literatura escrita en los Estados Unidos por, sobre, y en algunos casos también para afroestadounidenses.
, La littérature afro-américaine est un cour … La littérature afro-américaine est un courant littéraire des États-Unis produit par des écrivains afro-américains. Elle a ses origines dans les auteurs de la fin du XVIIIe siècle tels que Phillis Wheatley, Jupiter Hammon, Benjamin Bannecker et Olaudah Equiano et atteint son apogée avec les témoignages sur l’esclavage et la Renaissance de Harlem dans l’entre-deux-guerres puis avec le Black Arts Movement. Aujourd’hui, parmi les plus grands noms de la cette littérature, citons Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, Rita Dove, Tracy K. Smith, Walter Mosley etc. Elle traite de thèmes très divers, de la place des Afro-Américains dans la société américaine, du racisme, de l’esclavage et de l’égalité. La littérature afro-américaine puise son inspiration dans les formes d’expression orale et musicale comme le Negro spiritual, les sermons, le gospel, le blues ou plus récemment, dans le rap. L’évolution de la littérature afro-américaine est parallèle à l’histoire des États-Unis : avant la Guerre de Sécession, elle s’intéresse aux conditions de vie des esclaves. À la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe, les auteurs tels que W. E. B. Du Bois et Booker T. Washington débattent sur la manière de faire progresser la situation des Noirs. Au cours de la Renaissance de Harlem, la fierté d’être noir s’exprime par un retour aux sources. Dans les années 1950 et 1960, les intellectuels (Richard Wright, Gwendolyn Brooks) s’engagent pour faire progresser les droits civiques et militent au sein du mouvement américain des droits civiques. Depuis les années 1960, les auteurs noirs américains tels qu’Alex Haley, Alice Walker ou encore Toni Morrison ont acquis un statut littéraire reconnu non seulement aux États-Unis mais aussi à l’étranger.nt aux États-Unis mais aussi à l’étranger.
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Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat adalah badan … Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat adalah badan literasi di Amerika Serikat yang didirikan oleh para penulis keturunan Afrika. Badan ini dimulai dengan munculnya karya-karya sastrawan pada akhir abad ke-18, seperti Phillis Wheatley. Sebelum mencapai poin tinggi dari narasi budak, sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat didominasi oleh narasi autobiografi spiritual. Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat mencapai poin tinggi melalui pada abad ke-19. Harlem Renaissance yang tampil pada dasawarsa 1920-an mengalami kejayaan. Penulis-penulis Afrika-Amerika Serikat dikenal karena paling banyak menerima penghargaan, antara Nobel untuk Toni Morrison. Di antara tema dan isu-isu yang dieksplorasi dalam literatur ini adalah peran Afrika Amerika dalam masyarakat Amerika yang lebih besar, kultur Afrika-Amerika Serikat, rasisesar, kultur Afrika-Amerika Serikat, rasis
, Con letteratura afroamericana si definisce … Con letteratura afroamericana si definisce il corpus letterario prodotto negli Stati Uniti d'America da scrittori di discendenza africana. Tuttavia, dal momento che le storie e le vite degli afroamericani sono estremamente diverse lo stesso si può dire della loro letteratura.stesso si può dire della loro letteratura.
, La literatura afroestadounidense es la literatura escrita en los Estados Unidos por, sobre, y en algunos casos también para afroestadounidenses.
, Als Afroamerikanische Literatur ist die mü … Als Afroamerikanische Literatur ist die mündliche Überlieferung und die schriftliche Literatur von Afroamerikanern zu verstehen, die meist in den USA oder Kanada leben. 1619 treffen auf einem holländischen Piratenschiff die ersten zwanzig schwarzen Sklaven auf dem Gebiet der späteren USA ein, denen hunderttausende folgen. Das fortdauernde Trauma der Sklaverei sollte die afroamerikanische Literatur ebenso prägen wie der Kampf um soziale und politische Gleichstellung. Die Bedeutung der Literatur für diese Auseinandersetzungen erklärt sich insbesondere daraus, dass die Sklaverei mit der Dehumanisierung schwarzer Menschen gerechtfertigt wurde. Man leugnete teils ihre Vernunftbegabung, teils sprach man ihnen ab, Menschen mit einer Seele zu sein. So meint Thomas Jefferson in Notes on the State ot Thomas Jefferson in Notes on the State o
, La littérature afro-américaine est un cour … La littérature afro-américaine est un courant littéraire des États-Unis produit par des écrivains afro-américains. Elle a ses origines dans les auteurs de la fin du XVIIIe siècle tels que Phillis Wheatley, Jupiter Hammon, Benjamin Bannecker et Olaudah Equiano et atteint son apogée avec les témoignages sur l’esclavage et la Renaissance de Harlem dans l’entre-deux-guerres puis avec le Black Arts Movement. Aujourd’hui, parmi les plus grands noms de la cette littérature, citons Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, Rita Dove, Tracy K. Smith, Walter Mosley etc. Elle traite de thèmes très divers, de la place des Afro-Américains dans la société américaine, du racisme, de l’esclavage et de l’égalité. La littérature afro-américaine puise son inspiration dans les formes d’expression orale et musicale comme lmes d’expression orale et musicale comme l
, Афроамериканская литература — литература, написанная представителями чернокожего населения США, преимущественно на английском языке (в том числе на его афроамериканской разновидности).
, African American literature is the body of … African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley. Before the high point of slave narratives, African-American literature was dominated by autobiographical spiritual narratives. The genre known as slave narratives in the 19th century were accounts by people who had generally escaped from slavery, about their journeys to freedom and ways they claimed their lives. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was a great period of flowering in literature and the arts, influenced both by writers who came North in the Great Migration and those who were immigrants from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands. African American writers have been recognized by the highe writers have been recognized by the highe
, الأدب الأفريقي-أمريكي هي هيئة أدبية ينتجها … الأدب الأفريقي-أمريكي هي هيئة أدبية ينتجها الكتاب المنحدرين من أصل أفريقي في الولايات المتحدة. ويبدأت ببعض أعمال من كتاب أواخر القرن الثامن عشر مثل فيليس ويتلي واكيوانو اولوداه، وتوصلوا إلى نقاط عالية المبكرة مع حكايات الرقيق في القرن التاسع عشر. نهضة هارلم العشرينات من القرن الماضي كان وقت ازدهار الأدب والفنون. كتاب الأدب الأفريقي الأمريكي عترفوا بأعلى الجوائز، بما في ذلك جائزة نوبل توني موريسون والحائز على جائزة والتر موزلي يجري ترتيبها بين كبار الكتاب في الولايات المتحدة. بين المواضيع والقضايا التي بحثت في هذه الكتابات هي دور الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي داخل المجتمع الأميركي أكبر، ثقافة الأميركيين الأفارقة والعنصرية، والرق، والمساواة. وينزع كتابة أصل أفريقي لإدراج أشكال الشفوي، مثل سبيريتوالس، وخطب الراب وكآبة والموسيقى الإنجيل.توالس، وخطب الراب وكآبة والموسيقى الإنجيل.
, La literatura afroamericana és la tradició literària pertanyent als afroamericans i, per tant, part de la literatura dels Estats Units d'Amèrica en la mateixa mesura que es pot considerar com una literatura específica.
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| rdfs:label |
Littérature afro-américaine
, Afroamerikanische Literatur
, Literatura afroamericana
, أدب أفريقي-أمريكي
, Literatura afroestadounidense
, Афроамериканская литература
, African-American literature
, Letteratura afroamericana
, Sastra Afrika-Amerika Serikat
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