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Sophia Alice Callahan, née le 1er janvier … Sophia Alice Callahan, née le 1er janvier 1868 et morte le 7 janvier 1894, (Muscogee) est une romancière et enseignante. Son roman, Wynema, A Child of the Forest (1891) est considéré comme « le premier roman écrit par une amérindienne ». Choquée par le massacre de Wounded Knee, dans la réserve indienne de Pine Ridge, qui a eu lieu environ six mois avant la publication de son livre, Callahan a ajouté un compte rendu de ce massacre et de la danse fantôme du Lakota de 1890 à son livre dans le premier traitement fictif de ces sujets. C'était peut-être "le premier roman écrit en Oklahoma", qui était à l'époque le Territoire Indien. Callahan a écrit un roman romantique, mais elle avait aussi clairement l'intention d'écrire de ce qu'on a appelé un "roman de réforme", identifiant de nombreux torts subis par les Amérindiens dans la société américaine. Après avoir été découvert à la fin du XXe siècle, le roman a été réimprimé en 1997. Il a fait l'objet d'études savantes.1997. Il a fait l'objet d'études savantes.
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Cox
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U.S. Suffrage Literature, 1846-1946
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Though considered "extremely flawed", the … Though considered "extremely flawed", the book is notable as the first novel by a Native American woman in the United States. Callahan used the novel to dramatize the issue of tribal allotments and breakup of communal lands, and dedicated it to the Native American population, calling for an end to injustices suffered by Indians. Her heroine "Wynema serves as both a reflection of Callahan's Christian ideals and a vehicle through which those ideals can be shown to fail." which those ideals can be shown to fail."
, The timing of the publication of Callahan' … The timing of the publication of Callahan's novel in the spring of 1891 shows that she had to decide to incorporate the events of Wounded Knee into her novel, as they took place in December 1890. A. Lavonne Brown Ruoff says this section appears to be tacked on to the novel, which otherwise has a classic romantic structure that was resolved with the marriages of Wynema and her white teacher friend Genevieve.ma and her white teacher friend Genevieve.
, According to scholars Gretchen M. Bataille … According to scholars Gretchen M. Bataille and Laurie Lisa, the novel is "thin, and sometimes highly improbable, plots are woven through with themes concerning the importance of Christianity and education in English, fraud in Indian administration, allotments, temperance, women's rights, the Ghost Dance movement, and atrocities committed upon the Sioux at Wounded Knee".committed upon the Sioux at Wounded Knee".
, When Callahan addresses Wounded Knee, she … When Callahan addresses Wounded Knee, she repeats inaccuracies of the press. But she introduces a radical element by describing Lakota women before and after the battle, which most other accounts ignore. In a contrived ending, Chikena, an elder Lakota woman finds and saves three infants from the battlefield. In this section, the reader learns that Wynema speaks Lakota; she invites the older woman to live with her and adopts the infant girl. "Wynema's charge, named Miscona after her dead mother, becomes ... a "famous musician and wise woman" , offering at least the possibility of an Indian-identified life." This is in contrast to the two Lakota boys, adopted by Wynema's white friends, who are given Anglo-European names and said to become a doctor and missionary as adults. Lisa Tatonetti says that Callahan wrote from her position as an acculturated Native American but she also sought to imagine the lives of the Plains Indians.o imagine the lives of the Plains Indians.
, The novel follows Wynema, a young Muscogee … The novel follows Wynema, a young Muscogee girl, who, like Callahan, becomes educated in English and teaches at a mission school. She is shown marrying the brother of her friend, a white teacher. She has a child with him, but after Wounded Knee, also adopts a Lakota infant girl. Callahan shows how strongly learning to read and write in English is related to assimilation, but she also shows her lead characters reading critically, applying judgment, and "scrutinizing contexts and subtexts." and "scrutinizing contexts and subtexts."
, She completed the novel and published it s … She completed the novel and published it six months after the Massacre at Wounded Knee at the Réserve indienne de Pine Ridge and the year following the Ghost Dance, major events in Native American history. Her novel offered "the first fictional re-creation of both the messianic religious movement that reached the Réserve indienne de Pine Ridge in the spring of 1890 and the infamous slaughter of Lakota men, women, and children that occurred on December 29 of that same year."ccurred on December 29 of that same year."
, While Callahan has her characters express … While Callahan has her characters express some of the common ideas about allotment, the Ghost Dance and the massacre, "Old Masse Hadjo," an Indian, explicitly explains how the Ghost Dance religion is better for the Indians than Christianity. His comments "validate the Native religion and emphasizes the threat of white hostility, turning dominant rhetoric on its head and thereby extricating the Ghost Dance from the violence to follow." Ghost Dance from the violence to follow."
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Encyclopedia of Women in the American West
, The Oxford Handbook of Indigenous American Literature
, Native American Women
, A to Z of American Indian Women
, Treacherous Texts
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Sophia Alice Callahan, née le 1er janvier … Sophia Alice Callahan, née le 1er janvier 1868 et morte le 7 janvier 1894, (Muscogee) est une romancière et enseignante. Son roman, Wynema, A Child of the Forest (1891) est considéré comme « le premier roman écrit par une amérindienne ». Choquée par le massacre de Wounded Knee, dans la réserve indienne de Pine Ridge, qui a eu lieu environ six mois avant la publication de son livre, Callahan a ajouté un compte rendu de ce massacre et de la danse fantôme du Lakota de 1890 à son livre dans le premier traitement fictif de ces sujets.e premier traitement fictif de ces sujets.
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