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Like women in many other cultures, women i … Like women in many other cultures, women in China have been historically oppressed. For thousands of years, women in China lived under the patriarchal social order characterized by the Confucius teaching of “filial piety.” In modern China, the lives of women in China have changed significantly due to the late Qing dynasty reforms, the changes of the Republican period, the Chinese Civil War, and the rise of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Achievement of women's liberation has been on the agenda of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since the beginning of the PRC. Right after the Communist Takeover in 1949, Mao Zedong replaced the common use of the term "女人" [nüren] with "妇女" [funü] as he famously said "妇女 [funü] 能顶半边天" (Women hold up half the sky). "妇女" [funü] is a term for labouring women, which signifies the revolutionary role that women play in the liberation of China. The first celebration of "妇女节" (International Women’s Day) immediately after the establishment of CCP consolidated the representational strategies associated with "妇女" [funü]. During the Mao era, many policies were carried out to promote gender equality. The New Marriage Law passed on May 1, 1950 outlawed forced marriage and concubinage. The last few regional practices of foot-binding died out, with the last case of foot-binding reported in 1957. The Great Leap Forward, while focusing on improving total productivity, created work opportunities for women. However, they still remained as peripheral roles and rarely climbed up to positions of decision-making. The representation of women as "iron women" who worked restlessly in workplaces dismissed the unalleviated domestic burden that women were still forced to take and homogenized the individuality of women. Deng Xiaoping's economic reform since 1978 also had tremendous impacts on women in China. Women were especially disadvantaged during the economic-restructuring and many were laid off and discriminated against in the job market. On the other hand, women was able to break out from the homogenous group of "iron women" propagated during the pre-reform period and seek for individuality. Moreover, with the help of globalization, they became integrated to the international women's movement. In contemporary China, although women's rights in China have improved tremendously, women still suffer a lower status compared with men. Under Xi Jinping, the gains of women have dropped compared to previous leaders. After witnessing the growing feminist movements in China, the government under Xi shut down many activist NGOs and censored feminist platforms. Feminism has been viewed by nationalists as a toxic Western ideology. With the enactment of "cooling off" law and the abolition of one-child policy, the agenda under Xi has been emphasizing the role of women in taking care of the domestic sphere in order to reverse the declining birth rate in China.reverse the declining birth rate in China.
, Kehidupan wanita di Tiongkok memiliki peru … Kehidupan wanita di Tiongkok memiliki perubahan signifikan sepanjang reformasi pada akhir Dinasti Qing, periode Nasionalis, Perang Saudara Tiongkok, dan kebangkitan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, yang telah diumumkan ke umum atas komitmen terhadap kesetaraan gender. Upaya-upaya pemerintah Komunis baru membuat kesetaraan gender mendatangkan kecaman dalam masyarakat Tiongkok yang sejak dulu didominasi laki-laki, dan rintangan-rintangan masih berdiri dalam jalan kaum wanita untuk meraih kesetaraan yang lebih besar di Tiongkok.h kesetaraan yang lebih besar di Tiongkok.
, 中國女性的生活在晚清時期、中華民國大陸時期、內戰時期及中華人民共和國時期都有著重大的改變。共產黨政府在性別平等方面所做的努力遭到在歷史上由男性主導的中國社會抵制，而且这种抵制也阻礙女性尋求在中國獲得更大平等。20世紀婦女的法律和社會地位大大提高，特別是在改革開放政策後的20世紀70年代。
, تغيرت حياة النساء في الصين بشكل كبير بسبب … تغيرت حياة النساء في الصين بشكل كبير بسبب إصلاحات أواخر أسرة تشينغ وتغييرات الفترة الجمهورية، والحرب الأهلية الصينية، وصعود جمهورية الصين الشعبية عن التزامها بالمساواة بين الجنسين. كان موضوع تحقيق تحرير المرأة على جدول أعمال الحزب الشيوعي الصيني منذ بداية جمهورية الصين الشعبية. قال ماو تسي تونغ: «النساء يحملن نصف السماء». في عام 1995 جعل الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي الصيني جيانغ زيمين المساواة بين الجنسين سياسة رسمية للدولة. ومع أن الصين اِدَعَتْ النَجَاح في تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين إلا أن المراقبين الخارجيين ذكروا أن المرأة لا تزال تعاني من مكانة أدنى مقارنة بالرجل.لا تزال تعاني من مكانة أدنى مقارنة بالرجل.
, Les vides de les dones a la Xina han canvi … Les vides de les dones a la Xina han canviat significativament a causa de les reformes tardanes de la dinastia Qin, els canvis del període de la República, la guerra civil xinesa i la creació de la República Popular de la Xina. L'assoliment de l'alliberament de les dones ha estat a l'agenda del Partit Comunista de la Xina des de l'inici de la República Popular de la Xina. Mao Zedong va ser conegut per dir: «Les dones sostenen la meitat del cel». El 1995, el Secretari General del Partit Comunista Xinès Jiang Zemin va fer que la igualtat de gènere fos oficial en la política estatal. Tot i que la Xina ha assolit una major paritat de gènere, les dones encara pateixen un estatus inferior en comparació amb els homes.atus inferior en comparació amb els homes.
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中國女性的生活在晚清時期、中華民國大陸時期、內戰時期及中華人民共和國時期都有著重大的改變。共產黨政府在性別平等方面所做的努力遭到在歷史上由男性主導的中國社會抵制，而且这种抵制也阻礙女性尋求在中國獲得更大平等。20世紀婦女的法律和社會地位大大提高，特別是在改革開放政策後的20世紀70年代。
, Like women in many other cultures, women i … Like women in many other cultures, women in China have been historically oppressed. For thousands of years, women in China lived under the patriarchal social order characterized by the Confucius teaching of “filial piety.” In modern China, the lives of women in China have changed significantly due to the late Qing dynasty reforms, the changes of the Republican period, the Chinese Civil War, and the rise of the People's Republic of China (PRC).e of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
, تغيرت حياة النساء في الصين بشكل كبير بسبب … تغيرت حياة النساء في الصين بشكل كبير بسبب إصلاحات أواخر أسرة تشينغ وتغييرات الفترة الجمهورية، والحرب الأهلية الصينية، وصعود جمهورية الصين الشعبية عن التزامها بالمساواة بين الجنسين. كان موضوع تحقيق تحرير المرأة على جدول أعمال الحزب الشيوعي الصيني منذ بداية جمهورية الصين الشعبية. قال ماو تسي تونغ: «النساء يحملن نصف السماء». في عام 1995 جعل الأمين العام للحزب الشيوعي الصيني جيانغ زيمين المساواة بين الجنسين سياسة رسمية للدولة. ومع أن الصين اِدَعَتْ النَجَاح في تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين إلا أن المراقبين الخارجيين ذكروا أن المرأة لا تزال تعاني من مكانة أدنى مقارنة بالرجل.لا تزال تعاني من مكانة أدنى مقارنة بالرجل.
, Les vides de les dones a la Xina han canvi … Les vides de les dones a la Xina han canviat significativament a causa de les reformes tardanes de la dinastia Qin, els canvis del període de la República, la guerra civil xinesa i la creació de la República Popular de la Xina. L'assoliment de l'alliberament de les dones ha estat a l'agenda del Partit Comunista de la Xina des de l'inici de la República Popular de la Xina. Mao Zedong va ser conegut per dir: «Les dones sostenen la meitat del cel».r: «Les dones sostenen la meitat del cel».
, Kehidupan wanita di Tiongkok memiliki peru … Kehidupan wanita di Tiongkok memiliki perubahan signifikan sepanjang reformasi pada akhir Dinasti Qing, periode Nasionalis, Perang Saudara Tiongkok, dan kebangkitan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, yang telah diumumkan ke umum atas komitmen terhadap kesetaraan gender. Upaya-upaya pemerintah Komunis baru membuat kesetaraan gender mendatangkan kecaman dalam masyarakat Tiongkok yang sejak dulu didominasi laki-laki, dan rintangan-rintangan masih berdiri dalam jalan kaum wanita untuk meraih kesetaraan yang lebih besar di Tiongkok.h kesetaraan yang lebih besar di Tiongkok.
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| rdfs:label |
Frauen in der Volksrepublik China
, Wanita di Tiongkok
, Women in China
, 中國女性
, المرأة في الصين
, Dones a la Xina
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