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William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termed geometric algebra, a special case of the Clifford algebra named in his honour. The operations of geometric algebra have the effect of mirroring, rotating, translating, and mapping the geometric objects that are being modelled to new positions. Clifford algebras in general and geometric algebra in particular have been of ever increasing importance to mathematical physics, geometry, and computing. Clifford was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression mind-stuff.tings he coined the expression mind-stuff.
, William Kingdon CLIFFORD MRS (4a de majo 1 … William Kingdon CLIFFORD MRS (4a de majo 1845 – 3a de marto 1879) estis angla matematikisto kaj filozofo. Prilaborante la verkaron de Hermann Grassmann, li enkondukis tion kio estas nuntempe nomata geometria algebro, speciala kazo de la alĝebro de Clifford nomita tiel liahonore. La operacioj de geometria algebro havas la efikojn reflekti, rotacii, transigi kaj mapigi la geometriajn objektojn kiuj estas modelataj al novaj lokoj. La alĝebro de Clifford ĝenerale kaj la geometria algebro partikulare estis de pliiĝanta gravo por la matematika fiziko, geometrio, kaj komputiko. Clifford estis la unua kiu sugestis, ke gravito povis esti manifestaĵo de subkuŝa geometrio. En siaj filozofiaj verkoj li stampis la esprimon mind-stuff. verkoj li stampis la esprimon mind-stuff.
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 maggio … William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 maggio 1845 – Madera, 3 marzo 1879) è stato un matematico e filosofo britannico. Insieme a Hermann Günther Grassmann inventò quella che oggi è chiamata , di cui l'algebra di Clifford, chiamata così in suo onore, è un caso particolare. Tale algebra svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella fisica matematica contemporanea. Fu il primo a suggerire che la gravitazione potesse essere espressa in termini geometrici. Nei suoi scritti filosofici coniò i termini "mind-stuff" e "tribal self".iò i termini "mind-stuff" e "tribal self".
, William Kingdon Clifford, född den 4 maj 1 … William Kingdon Clifford, född den 4 maj 1845 i Exeter, död den 3 mars 1879 på Madeira, var en engelsk matematiker. Clifford blev 1871 professor i använd matematik och mekanik vid University College i London. Hans verksamhet faller huvudsakligen inom den algebraiska riktningen av geometrin. Han utgav själv Elements of dynamic. I. Kinematic (1878). Största delen av hans övriga skrifter utgavs av Robert Tucker 1882.iga skrifter utgavs av Robert Tucker 1882.
, William Kingdon Clifford (4 de mayo de 184 … William Kingdon Clifford (4 de mayo de 1845 - 3 de marzo de 1879) fue un matemático y filósofo inglés. Junto con Hermann Grassmann es el fundador de lo que ahora se conoce como álgebra geométrica, siendo un caso especial las álgebras de Clifford, denominadas así en su honor, y que son usadas contemporaneamente en la física matemática. Fue el primero en proponer que la gravitación es la manifestación de una geometría subyacente. Es conocido por su defensa del frente a la responsabilidad moral de creer en aquello de lo que no se tienen pruebas.en aquello de lo que no se tienen pruebas.
, William Kingdon Clifford (4. květen 1845, … William Kingdon Clifford (4. květen 1845, Exeter – 3. březen 1879, Madeira) byl anglický matematik a filosof. Vystudoval matematiku na King’s College v Londýně a Trinity College v Cambridge. Nakonec, roku 1871, se stal profesorem na University College v Londýně. Roku 1874 byl zvolen členem Královské společnosti Inspirován pracemi Bernharda Riemanna a Nikolaje Lobačevského věnoval velkou pozornost neeuklidovské geometrii. Roku 1876 napsal přelomový článek On the space theory of matter, kde vyjádřil myšlenku, že energie a hmota jsou pouze různá zakřivení vesmíru. To bývá považováno za předstupeň teorie relativity. Významně přispěl také ke studiu algebry. Především tím, když zavedl tzv. bikvaterniony (či též duální kvaterniony), jež byly zobecněním kvaternionů Williama Rowana Hamiltona. Užíval je k popisu pohybu v neeukleidovských prostorech i po některých eukleidovských plochách. Později navázal na studie Hermanna Grassmanna o tzv. vnějších algebrách. Definoval obecnější typy algeber, tyto se po něm dnes nazývají . Ve filozofii měl blízko k Hermannu von Helmholtzovi a Ernstu Machovi. Proslul pojmy „látka mysli“ (mind-stuff), která označuje základní komponenty, z nichž se má skládat vědomí, a „kmenové já“ (the tribal self). Pokusil se též poukázat na některé vztahy kantovské filozofie a neuklidovské geometrie. Zemřel v 33 letech na tuberkulózu. Většina jeho prací byla vydána až posmrtně, péčí Karla Pearsona.a vydána až posmrtně, péčí Karla Pearsona.
, Вільям Кі́нгдон Клі́форд (англ. William Kingdon Clifford; *4 травня 1845, Ексетер, Велика Британія — †3 березня 1879, Мадейра, Португалія) — англійський математик та філософ.
, William Kingdon Clifford (né à Exeter le 4 … William Kingdon Clifford (né à Exeter le 4 mai 1845 - décédé dans l'île de Madère le 3 mars 1879) est un mathématicien et philosophe anglais. Il est le père avec Hermann Grassmann de l'algèbre géométrique, qui est un cas particulier de l'algèbre de Clifford. Il est aussi le premier à envisager que la gravitation puisse être modélisée par un espace de courbure variable. En philosophie, il développe le concept de « substance mentale ».loppe le concept de « substance mentale ».
, William Kingdon Clifford (ur. 4 maja 1845 w Exeterze, zm. 3 marca 1879 na Maderze) – brytyjski matematyk i filozof.
, Уи́льям Ки́нгдон Кли́ффорд (англ. William Kingdon Clifford; 4 мая 1845, Эксетер, Великобритания — 3 марта 1879, Мадейра, Португалия) — английский математик и философ.
, William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de maio de 1845 — Região Autónoma da Madeira, 3 de março de 1879) foi um matemático e filósofo inglês. Fundamentado no trabalho de Hermann Grassmann, introduziu o que é atualmente denominado , um caso especial da álgebra de Clifford, denominada em sua homenagem. As operações da álgebra geométrica tem o efeito de espelhar, rotacionar, traduzir e mapear os objetos geométricos que são modelados para novas posições. A álgebra de Clifford no geral e a álgebra geométrica no particular, têm sido de crescente importância para a física matemática , geometria e computação. Ele foi o primeiro a sugerir que a gravitação pudesse ser uma manifestação de uma geometria subjacente. Em seus escritos filosóficos, ele cunhou a expressão "mind-stuff" que seriam os elementos mais simples dos quais a consciência é composta.imples dos quais a consciência é composta.
, 威廉·金頓·克利福德（William Kingdon Clifford，1845年5 … 威廉·金頓·克利福德（William Kingdon Clifford，1845年5月4日－1879年3月3日），英國數學家兼科學哲學家。他和赫爾曼·格拉斯曼發明了現在稱為的範疇。數學物理上的克利福德代數以他命名。 先後入讀倫敦大學國王學院、劍橋大學三一學院。1867年，他在年終考試排第二。1871年，成為倫敦大學學院數學和力學教授，1874年成為英國皇家學會院士。1875年和小說家結婚。1876年，他工作過度，身體幾乎崩潰，因為他白天忙着教學和管理事務，晚上又工作。他往阿爾及尼亞和西班牙度假。後來他到了馬德拉，在那兒因肺結核逝世，終年34歲。11天後，愛因斯坦出生。班牙度假。後來他到了馬德拉，在那兒因肺結核逝世，終年34歲。11天後，愛因斯坦出生。
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 mei 18 … William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 mei 1845 – Madeira, 3 maart 1879) was een Brits wiskundige en filosoof. Samen met Hermann Grassmann, introduceerde hij wat nu als wordt aangeduid, een speciaal onderdeel van de Clifford-algebra die ter ere van hem zo is genoemd, met belangrijke toepassingen in de hedendaagse wiskundige natuurkunde en meetkunde. Hij was de eerste die opperde dat zwaartekracht mogelijk een uiting was van een onderliggende meetkunde. In zijn filosofische geschriften bedacht hij de uitdrukking "mind-stuff (geeststof)".j de uitdrukking "mind-stuff (geeststof)".
, 윌리엄 킹던 클리퍼드(영어: William Kingdon Clifford IPA: [ˈwɪljəm ˈkɪŋdən ˈklɪfə(r)d], 1845~1879)는 영국의 수학자이다. 수리물리학에서 중요한 클리퍼드 대수를 고안하였다.
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, Ingalaterra, 1845eko maiatzaren 4a - Madeira, Portugal, 1879ko martxoaren 3a) matematikari eta filosofo ingelesa izan zen.
, ويليام كينغدون كليفورد (بالإنجليزية: Willi … ويليام كينغدون كليفورد (بالإنجليزية: William Kingdon Clifford) (4 مايو، 1845 – 3 مارس 1879) كان عالم رياضيات وفيلسوفًا إنجليزيًا. استند إلى أعمال هيرمان فراسمان، وأدخل ما كان يُعرف الآن بمصطلح الجبر الهندسي، وهو حالة خاصة من جبر كليفورد سُمِّيت بذلك تكريمًا له. لعمليات الجبر الهندسي تأثير الانعكاس، والدوران، والانسحاب، ورسم الخرائط للأشياء الهندسية التي تُصاغ على مواقع جديدة. لجبر كليفورد بصورة عامةً والجبر الهندسي بصورة خاصة أهمية متزايدة للفيزياء الرياضية، والهندسة، والحوسبة. كان كليفورد أول من اقترح أن التجاذب قد يكون تعبيرًا عن هندسة كامنة. وقد صاغ تعبير «أشياء العقل» في كتاباته الفلسفية.غ تعبير «أشياء العقل» في كتاباته الفلسفية.
, William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de maig de 1845 − Madeira, 3 de març de 1879) va ser un matemàtic anglès que també va escriure sobre filosofia. Juntament amb Hermann Grassmann és el fundador del que ara es coneix com a àlgebra geomètrica, sent un cas especial les àlgebres de Clifford, denominades així en el seu honor, i que són usades contemporàniament en la física matemàtica. Va ser el primer a proposar que la gravitació és la manifestació d'una geometria subjacent. En el terreny de la Filosofia va ser partidari de no creure en allò del que no es tenen proves, per aquest motiu fos considerat enemic de la teologia. Els seus Mathematical Papers van editats de forma pòstuma el 1882 per Robert Tucker.e forma pòstuma el 1882 per Robert Tucker.
, William Kingdon Clifford (* 4. Mai 1845 in Exeter, Devon, England; † 3. März 1879 auf Madeira, Portugal) war ein britischer Philosoph und Mathematiker.
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Henry John Stephen Smith
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Exeter, Devon, England
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William Kingdon Clifford
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"On the Nature of Things-in-Themselves"
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"If a man, holding a belief which he was t … "If a man, holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of afterwards, keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about it in his mind, purposely avoids the reading of books and the company of men that call in question or discuss it, and regards as impious those questions which cannot easily be asked without disturbing it—the life of that man is one long sin against mankind."that man is one long sin against mankind."
, That element of which, as we have seen, ev … That element of which, as we have seen, even the simplest feeling is a complex, I shall call Mind-stuff. A moving molecule of inorganic matter does not possess mind or consciousness ; but it possesses a small piece of mind-stuff. When molecules are so combined together as to form the film on the under side of a jelly-fish, the elements of mind-stuff which go along with them are so combined as to form the faint beginnings of Sentience. When the molecules are so combined as to form the brain and nervous system of a vertebrate, the corresponding elements of mind-stuff are so combined as to form some kind of consciousness; that is to say, changes in the complex which take place at the same time get so linked together that the repetition of one implies the repetition of the other. When matter takes the complex form of a living human brain, the corresponding mind-stuff takes the form of a human consciousness, having intelligence and volition.ousness, having intelligence and volition.
, "Clifford was above all and before all a geometer."
, "There is no scientific discoverer, no poet, no painter, no musician, who will not tell you that he found ready made his discovery or poem or picture—that it came to him from outside, and that he did not consciously create it from within."
, "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."
, "I…hold that in the physical world nothing else takes place but this variation [of the curvature of space]."
, "I was not, and was conceived. I loved and did a little work. I am not and grieve not."
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Mathematical Papers
, The Ethics of Belief [1877]
, Epitaph
, "Some of the conditions of mental development" , lecture to the Royal Institution
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William Kingdon Clifford (ur. 4 maja 1845 w Exeterze, zm. 3 marca 1879 na Maderze) – brytyjski matematyk i filozof.
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, Ingalaterra, 1845eko maiatzaren 4a - Madeira, Portugal, 1879ko martxoaren 3a) matematikari eta filosofo ingelesa izan zen.
, William Kingdon Clifford (* 4. Mai 1845 in Exeter, Devon, England; † 3. März 1879 auf Madeira, Portugal) war ein britischer Philosoph und Mathematiker.
, William Kingdon Clifford, född den 4 maj 1 … William Kingdon Clifford, född den 4 maj 1845 i Exeter, död den 3 mars 1879 på Madeira, var en engelsk matematiker. Clifford blev 1871 professor i använd matematik och mekanik vid University College i London. Hans verksamhet faller huvudsakligen inom den algebraiska riktningen av geometrin. Han utgav själv Elements of dynamic. I. Kinematic (1878). Största delen av hans övriga skrifter utgavs av Robert Tucker 1882.iga skrifter utgavs av Robert Tucker 1882.
, William Kingdon CLIFFORD MRS (4a de majo 1 … William Kingdon CLIFFORD MRS (4a de majo 1845 – 3a de marto 1879) estis angla matematikisto kaj filozofo. Prilaborante la verkaron de Hermann Grassmann, li enkondukis tion kio estas nuntempe nomata geometria algebro, speciala kazo de la alĝebro de Clifford nomita tiel liahonore. La operacioj de geometria algebro havas la efikojn reflekti, rotacii, transigi kaj mapigi la geometriajn objektojn kiuj estas modelataj al novaj lokoj. La alĝebro de Clifford ĝenerale kaj la geometria algebro partikulare estis de pliiĝanta gravo por la matematika fiziko, geometrio, kaj komputiko. Clifford estis la unua kiu sugestis, ke gravito povis esti manifestaĵo de subkuŝa geometrio. En siaj filozofiaj verkoj li stampis la esprimon mind-stuff. verkoj li stampis la esprimon mind-stuff.
, Уи́льям Ки́нгдон Кли́ффорд (англ. William Kingdon Clifford; 4 мая 1845, Эксетер, Великобритания — 3 марта 1879, Мадейра, Португалия) — английский математик и философ.
, William Kingdon Clifford (4 de mayo de 184 … William Kingdon Clifford (4 de mayo de 1845 - 3 de marzo de 1879) fue un matemático y filósofo inglés. Junto con Hermann Grassmann es el fundador de lo que ahora se conoce como álgebra geométrica, siendo un caso especial las álgebras de Clifford, denominadas así en su honor, y que son usadas contemporaneamente en la física matemática. Fue el primero en proponer que la gravitación es la manifestación de una geometría subyacente. Es conocido por su defensa del frente a la responsabilidad moral de creer en aquello de lo que no se tienen pruebas.en aquello de lo que no se tienen pruebas.
, ويليام كينغدون كليفورد (بالإنجليزية: Willi … ويليام كينغدون كليفورد (بالإنجليزية: William Kingdon Clifford) (4 مايو، 1845 – 3 مارس 1879) كان عالم رياضيات وفيلسوفًا إنجليزيًا. استند إلى أعمال هيرمان فراسمان، وأدخل ما كان يُعرف الآن بمصطلح الجبر الهندسي، وهو حالة خاصة من جبر كليفورد سُمِّيت بذلك تكريمًا له. لعمليات الجبر الهندسي تأثير الانعكاس، والدوران، والانسحاب، ورسم الخرائط للأشياء الهندسية التي تُصاغ على مواقع جديدة. لجبر كليفورد بصورة عامةً والجبر الهندسي بصورة خاصة أهمية متزايدة للفيزياء الرياضية، والهندسة، والحوسبة. كان كليفورد أول من اقترح أن التجاذب قد يكون تعبيرًا عن هندسة كامنة. وقد صاغ تعبير «أشياء العقل» في كتاباته الفلسفية.غ تعبير «أشياء العقل» في كتاباته الفلسفية.
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 maggio … William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 maggio 1845 – Madera, 3 marzo 1879) è stato un matematico e filosofo britannico. Insieme a Hermann Günther Grassmann inventò quella che oggi è chiamata , di cui l'algebra di Clifford, chiamata così in suo onore, è un caso particolare. Tale algebra svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella fisica matematica contemporanea. Fu il primo a suggerire che la gravitazione potesse essere espressa in termini geometrici. Nei suoi scritti filosofici coniò i termini "mind-stuff" e "tribal self".iò i termini "mind-stuff" e "tribal self".
, William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de maig de 1845 − Madeira, 3 de març de 1879) va ser un matemàtic anglès que també va escriure sobre filosofia. Juntament amb Hermann Grassmann és el fundador del que ara es coneix com a àlgebra geomètrica, sent un cas especial les àlgebres de Clifford, denominades així en el seu honor, i que són usades contemporàniament en la física matemàtica. Va ser el primer a proposar que la gravitació és la manifestació d'una geometria subjacent. En el terreny de la Filosofia va ser partidari de no creure en allò del que no es tenen proves, per aquest motiu fos considerat enemic de la teologia.otiu fos considerat enemic de la teologia.
, William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (Exeter, 4 de maio de 1845 — Região Autónoma da Madeira, 3 de março de 1879) foi um matemático e filósofo inglês. Fundamentado no trabalho de Hermann Grassmann, introduziu o que é atualmente denominado , um caso especial da álgebra de Clifford, denominada em sua homenagem. As operações da álgebra geométrica tem o efeito de espelhar, rotacionar, traduzir e mapear os objetos geométricos que são modelados para novas posições. A álgebra de Clifford no geral e a álgebra geométrica no particular, têm sido de crescente importância para a física matemática , geometria e computação.ísica matemática , geometria e computação.
, Вільям Кі́нгдон Клі́форд (англ. William Kingdon Clifford; *4 травня 1845, Ексетер, Велика Британія — †3 березня 1879, Мадейра, Португалія) — англійський математик та філософ.
, 윌리엄 킹던 클리퍼드(영어: William Kingdon Clifford IPA: [ˈwɪljəm ˈkɪŋdən ˈklɪfə(r)d], 1845~1879)는 영국의 수학자이다. 수리물리학에서 중요한 클리퍼드 대수를 고안하였다.
, William Kingdon Clifford (4. květen 1845, … William Kingdon Clifford (4. květen 1845, Exeter – 3. březen 1879, Madeira) byl anglický matematik a filosof. Vystudoval matematiku na King’s College v Londýně a Trinity College v Cambridge. Nakonec, roku 1871, se stal profesorem na University College v Londýně. Roku 1874 byl zvolen členem Královské společnosti Zemřel v 33 letech na tuberkulózu. Většina jeho prací byla vydána až posmrtně, péčí Karla Pearsona.a vydána až posmrtně, péčí Karla Pearsona.
, William Kingdon Clifford (né à Exeter le 4 … William Kingdon Clifford (né à Exeter le 4 mai 1845 - décédé dans l'île de Madère le 3 mars 1879) est un mathématicien et philosophe anglais. Il est le père avec Hermann Grassmann de l'algèbre géométrique, qui est un cas particulier de l'algèbre de Clifford. Il est aussi le premier à envisager que la gravitation puisse être modélisée par un espace de courbure variable. En philosophie, il développe le concept de « substance mentale ».loppe le concept de « substance mentale ».
, William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – … William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termed geometric algebra, a special case of the Clifford algebra named in his honour. The operations of geometric algebra have the effect of mirroring, rotating, translating, and mapping the geometric objects that are being modelled to new positions. Clifford algebras in general and geometric algebra in particular have been of ever increasing importance to mathematical physics, geometry, and computing. Clifford was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression mind-stuff.tings he coined the expression mind-stuff.
, William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 mei 18 … William Kingdon Clifford (Exeter, 4 mei 1845 – Madeira, 3 maart 1879) was een Brits wiskundige en filosoof. Samen met Hermann Grassmann, introduceerde hij wat nu als wordt aangeduid, een speciaal onderdeel van de Clifford-algebra die ter ere van hem zo is genoemd, met belangrijke toepassingen in de hedendaagse wiskundige natuurkunde en meetkunde. Hij was de eerste die opperde dat zwaartekracht mogelijk een uiting was van een onderliggende meetkunde. In zijn filosofische geschriften bedacht hij de uitdrukking "mind-stuff (geeststof)".j de uitdrukking "mind-stuff (geeststof)".
, 威廉·金頓·克利福德（William Kingdon Clifford，1845年5 … 威廉·金頓·克利福德（William Kingdon Clifford，1845年5月4日－1879年3月3日），英國數學家兼科學哲學家。他和赫爾曼·格拉斯曼發明了現在稱為的範疇。數學物理上的克利福德代數以他命名。 先後入讀倫敦大學國王學院、劍橋大學三一學院。1867年，他在年終考試排第二。1871年，成為倫敦大學學院數學和力學教授，1874年成為英國皇家學會院士。1875年和小說家結婚。1876年，他工作過度，身體幾乎崩潰，因為他白天忙着教學和管理事務，晚上又工作。他往阿爾及尼亞和西班牙度假。後來他到了馬德拉，在那兒因肺結核逝世，終年34歲。11天後，愛因斯坦出生。班牙度假。後來他到了馬德拉，在那兒因肺結核逝世，終年34歲。11天後，愛因斯坦出生。
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William Kingdon Clifford
, Вільям Кліфорд
, ويليام كليفورد
, Клиффорд, Уильям Кингдон
, 威廉·金頓·克利福德
, 윌리엄 킹던 클리퍼드
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