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هذا جدول زمني لأبحاث التيروصوريات ويُمثل ق … هذا جدول زمني لأبحاث التيروصوريات ويُمثل قائمة مرتبة حسب التصنيف والترتيب ترتيبًا زمنيًا للاكتشافات الحفرية الهامة، والجدالات التي جرت حول تفسيرها، والمراجعات التصنيفية للزواحف المجنحة، والزواحف الطائرة الشهيرة في عصر الديناصورات. على الرغم من انقراض الزواحف المجنحة منذ ملايين السنين قبل تطور البشر، فقد تعايش البشر مع أحافير الزواحف المجنحة لآلاف السنين. قبل تطوير علم الحفريات وان يصبح علم رسمي مثبت علمياً، كانت هذه البقايا قد تم تفسيرها من خلال مفهوم العدة الأسطورية الذي يمثل شكلها الخارجي. قد تتأثر الأساطير حول الطيور الرعدية التي رواها الأمريكيين الأصليين في الولايات المتحدة الغربية الحديثة من خلال ملاحظات من الحفريات بتيرانودون. قيل إن الطيور الرعدية تصارعت مع وحوش المياه، والتي تتطابق بشكل جيد لحد ما مع ظهور بتيرانودو والزواحف البحرية القديمة للممر البحري الذي طارت فوقه. بدأت الدراسة الرسمية للزواحف المجنحة في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر عندما نشر عالم الطبيعة كوزمو اليساندرو كوليني من مدينة مانهايم بألمانيا وصفًا لحيوان غير طبيعي ذات أذرع طويلة، ولكل من تلك الأذرع إصبع ممدود. عرف في ما بعد أن هذا الإصبع الطويل الممدود يمكن أن يدعم غشاء مثل جناح الخفاش، ولكن نظرًا لوجود كائن مجهول في رواسب تحافظ على الحياة البحرية، فقد استنتج أن هذه الايادي الغريبة كانت تستخدم كزعانف. أعيد دراسة المخلوق مرة أخرى في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر من قبل عالم التشريح الفرنسي جورج كوفير، الذي أدرك أن كلا المخلوقين كانا زواحف وأن زعانفهم كانت أجنحة. أطلق على المخلوق اسم تيرو دكتايل، وهو اسم تم إعادة تنقيحه منذ ذلك الحين إلى تيرودكتاليوس (Pterodactylus). بالرغم من أن تفسير كوفير أصبح فيما بعد متفق عليه جماعياً، إلا أنه كان أحد التفسيرات العديدة المبكرة للمخلوق واقرانه، بما في ذلك أنهم كانوا خفافيش أو طيور غريبة أو عمل بدائي لشيطان نفسه. مؤخرا تم اكتشاف حيوانات مماثلة مثل رامفورهينشوس (Rhamphorhynchus) وطويل الذيل المسمى نيذسورس (Gnathosaurus) في جميع أنحاء أوروبا، وأصبح واضحا أن الأرض كانت ذات يوم موطنًا لفئة متنوعة من الزواحف الطائرة. أطلق عالم التشريح البريطاني السير ريتشارد أوين لقب على هذا الشيء بالبيتروصوريا (Pterosauria). بعد فترة من الزمن، وصف أول زاحف مجنح لبريطانيا، ديمورفودون (Dimorphodon). تم اكتشاف الزواحف المجنحة في وقت لاحق من القرن التاسع عشر في أمريكا الشمالية أيضًا، وكان أولها حيوانًا باهرا يدعى بتيرانودون من قبل عالم الحفريات عثنيل تشارلز مارش. أثارت جوانب عديدة ومختلفة من بيولوجيا التيروصور إلى الجدل منذ البداية. أشعل صموئيل توماس فون سومرنك جدالا استمر عدة قرون حول كيفية سير الزواحف المجنحة على الأرض من خلال الإشارة إلى أنها زحفت على أربع كالخفافيش. بالمقابل، جادل أوغست كوينستيد على أنها مشت على أطرافها الخلفية. استنتج هانكن وواطسون في أوائل القرن العشرين في أول دراسة رئيسية عن الميكانيكا الحيوية لرحلة التيروصور على الأرض إلى أن هذه الزواحف كانت جميعها عاجزة تمامًا ولم تستطع الا ان تجري بسرعة على بطنها كالبطاريق. في عام 1957, كثر الجدال وطرح بقوة عندما أفاد ويليام ستوكس عن اثار غير عادية تركها حيوان من أربع أقدام كان يشتبه في أنه التيروصور يمشي على الأرض. في عام 1984, رفض كيفين باديان الذي جادل مؤخرًا حول مشي الزواحف المجنحة على أرجلها الخلفية اثار ستوكس باعتبارها اثار تمساح. ومع ذلك، في منتصف التسعينيات، أعلن جان ميشيل مازن وآخرون أن آثار أقدام الحفريات في كريساك بفرنسا كانت مماثلة لتلك التي أوردها ستوكس من الولايات المتحدة. كانت اثأر مازن أكثر وضوحًا في التيروصوريين (pterosaurian) في الأصل واستقر النقاش بتأييد الزواحف المجنحة التي تمشي على اربع. يستمر علم الحفريات الذي يبحث حول حيوان التيروصور بتقدم علي في القرن الحادي والعشرين. في الواقع، وفقًا لديفيد هون، فقد شهد أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين تقدمًا أكبر في علم حفريات التيروصور أكثر من «القرنين السابقين» معا. وقارن هذه الفترة التحويلية في علم حفريات التيروصور بنهضة الديناصورات في سبعينيات القرن الماضي. ولاحظ أنه تم اكتشاف ما يقرب من ثلث الزواحف المجنحة المعروفة خلال هذه الفترة القصيرة. واحدة من أبرزها كانتدارونبترس (Darwinopterus)، الذي يماثل جسده الأكثر بدائية طويل الذيل (rhamphorynchoids)، في حين أن جماجمها تشبه قصيرة الذيل المتطورة (pterodactyloids). تثبت هذه الصفتان الأصناف كشكل انتقالي مهم، وتوثق واحدة من أهم مراحل تطور الزواحف المجنحة. الأنواع الجديدة المهمة الأخرى هي فاكسينلبتيروس والتي قد تكون أقدم الزواحف المجنحة في العالم. تم الإعلان عن أول بيض مؤكدة للتيروصور من الصين خلال أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين.من الصين خلال أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين.
, This timeline of pterosaur research is a c … This timeline of pterosaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of pterosaurs, the famed flying reptiles of the Mesozoic era. Although pterosaurs went extinct millions of years before humans evolved, humans have coexisted with pterosaur fossils for millennia. Before the development of paleontology as a formal science, these remains would have been interpreted through a mythological lens. Myths about thunderbirds told by the Native Americans of the modern Western United States may have been influenced by observations of Pteranodon fossils. These thunderbirds were said to have warred with water monsters, which agrees well with the co-occurrence of Pteranodon and the ancient marine reptiles of the seaway over which it flew. The formal study of pterosaurs began in the late 18th century when naturalist Cosimo Alessandro Collini of Mannheim, Germany published a description of an unusual animal with long arms, each bearing an elongated finger. He recognized that this long finger could support a membrane like that of a bat wing, but because the unnamed creature was found in deposits that preserve marine life he concluded that these strange arms were used as flippers. The creature was restudied again in the very early 19th century by French anatomist Georges Cuvier, who recognized both that the creature was a reptile and that its "flippers" were wings. He called the creature the Ptero-dactyle, a name since revised to Pterodactylus. Although Cuvier's interpretation later became the consensus, it was just one of many early interpretations of the creature and its relatives, including that they were bats, strange birds, or the primordial handiwork of Satan himself. Similar animals like the long-tailed Rhamphorhynchus and Gnathosaurus were soon discovered around Europe and it became obvious that earth was once home to a diverse group of flying reptiles. The British anatomist Sir Richard Owen dubbed this vanished order the Pterosauria. Soon after, he described Britain's own first pterosaur, Dimorphodon. Later in the 19th century pterosaurs were discovered in North America as well, the first of which was a spectacular animal named Pteranodon by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh. Various aspects of pterosaur biology invited controversy from the beginning. Samuel Thomas von Soemmering ignited a multi-century debate over how pterosaurs walked on the ground by suggesting they crawled on all fours like bats. , by contrast, argued that they walked on their hind limbs. In the early 20th century, Hankin and Watson in the first major study of pterosaur flight biomechanics concluded that on the ground these reptiles were altogether helpless and could only scoot along on their stomachs like penguins. The debate gained steam in 1957 when William Stokes reported unusual tracks left by a four-footed animal he suspected was a pterosaur walking along the ground. In 1984, Kevin Padian, who had recently argued that pterosaurs walked on their hind legs, dismissed Stokes's tracks as those of a crocodilian. However, in the mid-1990s, and others reported that fossil footprints in Crayssac, France were similar to those reported by Stokes from the US. Mazin's tracks were more obviously pterosaurian in origin and settled the debate in favor of pterosaurs walking on all fours. Pterosaur paleontology continues to progress into the 21st century. In fact, according to David Hone the early 21st century has seen more progress in pterosaur paleontology than in "the preceding two centuries" combined. He compared this transformative period in pterosaur paleontology to the Dinosaur Renaissance of the 1970s. He also observed that roughly one-third of known pterosaurs were discovered during this brief interval. One of the most notable of these was Darwinopterus, whose body resembled the more primitive long-tailed "rhamphorynchoids", while its skull resembled those of the more advanced short-tailed pterodactyloids. These traits establish the species as an important transitional form, documenting one of the most important phases of pterosaur evolution. Another important new species is Faxinalipterus minima, which might well be the world's oldest pterosaur. The first confirmed pterosaur eggs were also reported from China during the early 21st century. from China during the early 21st century.
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This timeline of pterosaur research is a c … This timeline of pterosaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of pterosaurs, the famed flying reptiles of the Mesozoic era. Although pterosaurs went extinct millions of years before humans evolved, humans have coexisted with pterosaur fossils for millennia. Before the development of paleontology as a formal science, these remains would have been interpreted through a mythological lens. Myths about thunderbirds told by the Native Americans of the modern Western United States may have been influenced by observations of Pteranodon fossils. These thunderbirds were said to have warred with water monsters, which agrees well with the co-occurrence of Pteranodon and the ancient marine reptiles of the on and the ancient marine reptiles of the
, هذا جدول زمني لأبحاث التيروصوريات ويُمثل ق … هذا جدول زمني لأبحاث التيروصوريات ويُمثل قائمة مرتبة حسب التصنيف والترتيب ترتيبًا زمنيًا للاكتشافات الحفرية الهامة، والجدالات التي جرت حول تفسيرها، والمراجعات التصنيفية للزواحف المجنحة، والزواحف الطائرة الشهيرة في عصر الديناصورات. على الرغم من انقراض الزواحف المجنحة منذ ملايين السنين قبل تطور البشر، فقد تعايش البشر مع أحافير الزواحف المجنحة لآلاف السنين. قبل تطوير علم الحفريات وان يصبح علم رسمي مثبت علمياً، كانت هذه البقايا قد تم تفسيرها من خلال مفهوم العدة الأسطورية الذي يمثل شكلها الخارجي. قد تتأثر الأساطير حول الطيور الرعدية التي رواها الأمريكيين الأصليين في الولايات المتحدة الغربية الحديثة من خلال ملاحظات من الحفريات بتيرانودون. قيل إن الطيور الرعدية تصارعت مع وحوش المياه، والتي تتطابق بشكل جيد لحد ما مع ظهور بتيرانودو والزواحف البحرية القديمة للممر البحري الذي طارت فوقه.بحرية القديمة للممر البحري الذي طارت فوقه.
|
| rdfs:label |
جدول زمني لأبحاث التيروصوريات
, Timeline of pterosaur research
|
