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Los socii era el término (en latín) utiliz … Los socii era el término (en latín) utilizado para denominar a los aliados itálicos federados de Roma. Fue una de las tres denominaciones legales de la Italia romana (Italia) al principio de la República, junto con los socii latini (otros confederados itálicos aún más antiguos, pertenecientes a la antigua Liga Latina) y los cives romani (los itálicos, procedentes de diferentes partes de Italia, que ya habían adquirido la plena ciudadanía romana). Los cives latini (es decir, itálicos procedentes de las colonias de derecho latino esparcidas por toda la península itálica), los cuales eran semiciudadanos, no deben ser confundidos con el pueblo itálico homónimo (los latinos), del cual Roma formaba parte, y que, no gozando aún de plena ciudadanía romana, integraban el conjunto de los demás socii itálicos. Esta organización tripartita llegó a su fin después de la guerra de los Aliados (o guerra Social) del 91-88 a. C., cuando, mediante la Lex Plautia Papiria, todos los habitantes de la península itálica obtuvieron la plena ciudadanía romana. En el uso diario, la palabra latina socius podría significar 'asociado' o 'socio', en general.gnificar 'asociado' o 'socio', en general.
, Socii was de Latijnse term voor bondgenote … Socii was de Latijnse term voor bondgenoten van Rome. Volgens de overlevering reeds in de Romeinse koningstijd, en in elk geval sinds 493 v.Chr. is Rome door een foedus aequum met de Latijnen, en later met de Hernici verbonden geweest. Later, toen Rome langzamerhand geheel Italia veroverde, werd de afhankelijkheid, waarin de verschillende steden en staten werden gebracht, uitgedrukt door het woord socii, waarbij dan het nomen Latinum een bevoorrechte plaats innam. De staten, waarmee Rome een foedus sloot, heetten civitates foederatae en behielden hun soevereiniteit: ze hadden eigen bestuur, eigen rechtspleging en het recht om munt te slaan. Zij mochten echter geen betrekkingen met het buitenland onderhouden. In elk verdrag kwam de volgende bepaling voor: ut eosdem quos populus Romanus amicos atque hostes habeant (“dat zij dezelfde vrienden en vijanden als het Romeinse volk zullen hebben”). Zij betaalden geen belasting, maar waren verplicht troepen, en de staten aan zee ook schepen, te leveren. De afhankelijkheid waarin zij stonden ten opzichte van Rome, werd uitgedrukt door de formule: maiestatem populi Romani comiter conservanto (“verplicht de majesteit van het Romeinse volk te bewaren”). Door hun verstandig en gematigd optreden wisten de Romeinen de socii aan zich te binden; en deze politiek heeft het hun mogelijk gemaakt, op den duur de nederlagen van de Tweede Punische Oorlog te boven te komen. In de 2e eeuw v.Chr. begonnen ze echter de socii, van wie ze de hulp niet meer nodig hadden, te onderdrukken, hetgeen ten slotte uitliep op de bellum sociorum (“bondgenotenoorlog”), die Italië heeft ontvolkt. De provinciae, waarvan de toestand door een wet was geregeld, werden niet tot de socii gerekend. Overigens waren er ook buiten Italië socii als civitates foederatae, en koningen aan wie de titel socius et amicus populi Romani (“bondgenoot en vriend van het Romeinse volk”) was verleend, doch ook dan was meestal het bondgenootschap slechts een zachtere vorm van afhankelijkheid. Buitenlandse volken waren exterae nationes, doch waar in engere zin van socii et exterae nationes wordt gesproken, moet men onder de laatsten de inwoners van de Romeinse provincies verstaan en onder socii de Latijnse en Italische bondgenoten. Deze benaming werd zelfs nog wel voor de Italische civitates gebezigd, ook nadat deze in de jaren 90-88 v.Chr. het Romeins burgerrecht hadden verkregen en de naam socii dus strikt genomen op hen niet meer van toepassing was. In de Romeinse legers waren vóór 90 v.Chr. de troepen van de Italische civitates onder de naam van socii aanwezig; andere hulptroepen heetten auxilia.wezig; andere hulptroepen heetten auxilia.
, Als Socii (lateinisch) wurden Bundesgenoss … Als Socii (lateinisch) wurden Bundesgenossen der römischen Republik bezeichnet, insbesondere auch die von ihnen für das römische Heer gestellten Truppen. Die verschiedenen Formen, in denen italische Völker oder Städte an Rom gebunden waren, werden in der modernen Forschung als Bundesgenossensystem bezeichnet. In den Verträgen, die mit Rom geschlossen wurden, war die Stellung von Truppen durch die Bundesgenossen festgelegt, die zusammen mit den römischen Legionen das Heer der römischen Republik bildeten. Die Einheiten der socii wurden als cohortes bzw. bei Reitern als turmae bezeichnet. Daneben gab es auch socii, die zur Stellung von Schiffen verpflichtet waren (socii navales). Aufgrund dieser abgeschlossenen Verträge (lateinisch foedera, Singular: foedus) wurden die solcherart mit Rom verbundenen Städte auch civitates foederatae (Singular: civitas foederata) genannt. Als nach dem Bundesgenossenkrieg die italischen socii das römische Bürgerrecht erhielten und durch die mit dem Namen des Gaius Marius verbundenen Heeresreformen die römische Legion sich zu einem Berufsheer entwickelte, traten von außeritalischen Verbündeten gestellte Hilfstruppen (auxilia) an die Stelle der socii. Neben den italischen socii gab es formale Bundesgenossen der Römer in republikanischer Zeit auch außerhalb Italiens, insbesondere im griechischen Osten.liens, insbesondere im griechischen Osten.
, Союзників в римській історії можна поділит … Союзників в римській історії можна поділити на три часових періоди, а саме:
* Латинський союз, до припинення його після латинської війни 340 — 338 до Р. Х. і наступні роки до Р. Х;
* Італійський союз, до отримання всіма союзниками прав римського громадянства, завдяки lex Julia de civitate sociis donda 90 г.;
* Союзники в останні роки республіки і в часи імперії. останні роки республіки і в часи імперії.
, Soci (plural llatí socii) o aliat romà va ser el nom que els romans donaven als seus aliats. Des que Roma va establir aliances amb els pobles i ciutats veïnes es va donar a aquestes nacions el nom de socii.
, The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English) or foede … The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English) or foederati (/ˌfɛdəˈreɪtaɪ/ in English) were confederates of Rome and formed one of the three legal denominations in Roman Italy (Italia) along with the Roman citizens (Cives) and the Latini. The Latini, who were simultaneously special confederates (Socii Latini) and semi-citizens (Cives Latini), should not be equated with the homonymous Italic people of which Rome was part (the Latins). This tripartite organisation lasted from the Roman expansion in Italy (509-264 BC) to the Social War (91–87 BC), when all peninsular inhabitants were awarded Roman citizenship. Treaties known as foedus served as the basic template for Rome's settlement with the large array of tribes and city-states of the whole Italian peninsula. The confederacy had its origin in the foedus Cassianum ("Treaty of Cassius", 493 BC) signed by the fledgling Roman republic with its neighbouring Latin city-states shortly after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510 BC. This provided for mutual defence by the two parties on the basis of an equal contribution to the annual military levy, which was probably under Roman overall command. The terms of the treaty were probably more acceptable to the Latins than the previous type of Roman hegemony, that of the Tarquin kings, as the latter had probably required the payment of tribute and not a simple military obligation. In the fourth century BC, the original Latins were mostly granted Roman citizenship. But the terms of the foedus was extended to about 150 other tribes and city-states. When a state was defeated, a part of its territory would be annexed by Rome to provide land for Roman/Latin colonists. The latter, although Roman citizens, were required to give up their citizen rights on joining a colony, and accept the status of socii. This was in order that Latin colonies could act as "watchdogs" on the other socii in the allied military formations, the alae. The defeated state would be allowed to keep the rest of its territory in return for binding itself to Rome with an unequal foedus, one that would forge a state of perpetual military alliance with the Roman Republic. This would require the ally to "have the same friends and enemies as Rome", effectively prohibiting war against other socii and surrendering foreign policy to Rome. Beyond this, the central, and in most cases sole, obligation on the ally was to contribute to the confederate army, on demand, a number of fully equipped troops up to a specified maximum each year, to serve under Roman command. The Roman confederation had fully evolved by 264 BC and remained for 200 years the basis of the Roman military structure. From 338 to 88 BC, Roman legions were invariably accompanied on campaign by roughly the same numbers of confederated troops organised into two units called alae (literally "wings", as confederated troops would always be posted on the flanks of the Roman battle-line, with the Roman legions holding the centre). 75% of a normal consular army's cavalry was supplied by the Italian socii. Although the socii provided around half the levies raised by Rome in any given year, they had no say in how those troops were used. Foreign policy and war were matters exclusively in the hands of the Roman consuls and the Roman Senate. Despite the loss of independence and heavy military obligations, the system provided substantial benefits for the socii. Most importantly, they were freed from the constant threat of aggression from their neighbours that had existed in the anarchic centuries prior to the imposition of the pax Romana. In addition, the Roman alliance protected the Italian peninsula from external invasion, such as the periodic and devastating incursions of Gauls from the Po Valley. Although no longer in control of war and foreign policy, each socius remained otherwise fully autonomous, with its own laws, system of government, coinage and language. Moreover, the military burden was only half that shouldered by Roman citizens, as the latter numbered only about half the population of the socii, but provided around half the total levies. Despite this, allied troops were allowed to share war booty on a 50–50 basis with Romans. The relationship between Rome and the Latin cities remained ambivalent, and many socii rebelled against the alliance whenever the opportunity arose. The best opportunities were provided by the invasion of Italy by the Greek king Pyrrhus from 281 to 275 BC, and by the invasion of Italy by Carthaginian general Hannibal from 218 to 203 BC. During these invasions, many socii joined the invaders, mostly Oscan-speakers of southern Italy, most prominently the Samnite tribes, who were Rome's most implacable enemy. At the same time, however, many socii remained loyal, motivated primarily by antagonisms with neighbouring rebels. Even after Rome's disaster at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC), over half the socii (by population) did not defect and Rome's military alliance was ultimately victorious. In the century following the Second Punic War, Italy was rarely threatened by external invasion (save by the occasional Gallic or Germanic horde) and Rome and her allies embarked on aggressive expansion overseas, in Spain, Africa and the Balkans. Despite the fact that the alliance was no longer acting defensively, there was virtually no protest from the socii, most likely because the latter benefited equally in the enormous amounts of war booty yielded by these campaigns. But, beneath the surface, resentment was building among the socii about their second-class status as peregrini i.e. non-citizens (except for the Latin colonists, who could regain their citizenship by moving to Roman territory). The Roman military confederation now became a victim of its own success in forging a united nation out of the patchwork of ethnicities and states. The socii rebelled en masse, including many that had remained steadfast in the past, launching the Social War. But, unlike on previous occasions, their aim was to join the Roman state as equal citizens, not to secede from it. Although the socii were defeated on the battlefield, they gained their main demand. By the end of the war in 87 BC, all inhabitants of peninsular Italy had been granted the right to apply for Roman citizenship. the right to apply for Roman citizenship.
, Les socii («alliés») étaient les tribus autonomes et cités-Etats de la péninsule italienne dans l'alliance militaire permanente réalisée avec la République romaine jusqu'à la Guerre sociale de 91-88 av. J.-C.
, Союзников в римской истории можно разделит … Союзников в римской истории можно разделить на три периода по отношению к ним Рима, а именно: 1.
* Латинский союз, до прекращения его после латинской войны 340 — 338 до н. э. и следующие годы до н. э.; 2.
* Италийский союз, до получения всеми союзниками прав римского гражданства, посредством lex Julia de civitate sociis donda 90 г.; 3.
* Союзники в последние годы республики и во времена империи.дние годы республики и во времена империи.
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Socii was de Latijnse term voor bondgenote … Socii was de Latijnse term voor bondgenoten van Rome. Volgens de overlevering reeds in de Romeinse koningstijd, en in elk geval sinds 493 v.Chr. is Rome door een foedus aequum met de Latijnen, en later met de Hernici verbonden geweest. Later, toen Rome langzamerhand geheel Italia veroverde, werd de afhankelijkheid, waarin de verschillende steden en staten werden gebracht, uitgedrukt door het woord socii, waarbij dan het nomen Latinum een bevoorrechte plaats innam.men Latinum een bevoorrechte plaats innam.
, The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English) or foede … The socii (/ˈsoʊʃiaɪ/ in English) or foederati (/ˌfɛdəˈreɪtaɪ/ in English) were confederates of Rome and formed one of the three legal denominations in Roman Italy (Italia) along with the Roman citizens (Cives) and the Latini. The Latini, who were simultaneously special confederates (Socii Latini) and semi-citizens (Cives Latini), should not be equated with the homonymous Italic people of which Rome was part (the Latins). This tripartite organisation lasted from the Roman expansion in Italy (509-264 BC) to the Social War (91–87 BC), when all peninsular inhabitants were awarded Roman citizenship.nhabitants were awarded Roman citizenship.
, Soci (plural llatí socii) o aliat romà va ser el nom que els romans donaven als seus aliats. Des que Roma va establir aliances amb els pobles i ciutats veïnes es va donar a aquestes nacions el nom de socii.
, Les socii («alliés») étaient les tribus autonomes et cités-Etats de la péninsule italienne dans l'alliance militaire permanente réalisée avec la République romaine jusqu'à la Guerre sociale de 91-88 av. J.-C.
, Los socii era el término (en latín) utiliz … Los socii era el término (en latín) utilizado para denominar a los aliados itálicos federados de Roma. Fue una de las tres denominaciones legales de la Italia romana (Italia) al principio de la República, junto con los socii latini (otros confederados itálicos aún más antiguos, pertenecientes a la antigua Liga Latina) y los cives romani (los itálicos, procedentes de diferentes partes de Italia, que ya habían adquirido la plena ciudadanía romana). En el uso diario, la palabra latina socius podría significar 'asociado' o 'socio', en general.gnificar 'asociado' o 'socio', en general.
, Союзников в римской истории можно разделит … Союзников в римской истории можно разделить на три периода по отношению к ним Рима, а именно: 1.
* Латинский союз, до прекращения его после латинской войны 340 — 338 до н. э. и следующие годы до н. э.; 2.
* Италийский союз, до получения всеми союзниками прав римского гражданства, посредством lex Julia de civitate sociis donda 90 г.; 3.
* Союзники в последние годы республики и во времена империи.дние годы республики и во времена империи.
, Союзників в римській історії можна поділит … Союзників в римській історії можна поділити на три часових періоди, а саме:
* Латинський союз, до припинення його після латинської війни 340 — 338 до Р. Х. і наступні роки до Р. Х;
* Італійський союз, до отримання всіма союзниками прав римського громадянства, завдяки lex Julia de civitate sociis donda 90 г.;
* Союзники в останні роки республіки і в часи імперії. останні роки республіки і в часи імперії.
, Als Socii (lateinisch) wurden Bundesgenoss … Als Socii (lateinisch) wurden Bundesgenossen der römischen Republik bezeichnet, insbesondere auch die von ihnen für das römische Heer gestellten Truppen. Die verschiedenen Formen, in denen italische Völker oder Städte an Rom gebunden waren, werden in der modernen Forschung als Bundesgenossensystem bezeichnet. In den Verträgen, die mit Rom geschlossen wurden, war die Stellung von Truppen durch die Bundesgenossen festgelegt, die zusammen mit den römischen Legionen das Heer der römischen Republik bildeten. Die Einheiten der socii wurden als cohortes bzw. bei Reitern als turmae bezeichnet. Daneben gab es auch socii, die zur Stellung von Schiffen verpflichtet waren (socii navales). Aufgrund dieser abgeschlossenen Verträge (lateinisch foedera, Singular: foedus) wurden die solcherart mit Rom verbfoedus) wurden die solcherart mit Rom verb
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Союзники Стародавнього Риму
, Socii
, Aliat romà
, Союзники (Древний Рим)
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