| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract
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A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) … A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) foi o período de hostilidades entre o Império Russo e os habitantes da Circásia durante a invasão e ocupação da Rússia dessa região. A guerra fazia parte da conquista do Cáucaso pelo Império Russo que durou aproximadamente 150 anos, com início sob o reinado do Czar Pedro, o Grande e foi concluída em 1864. A Circásia (também conhecida como Cherkessia em russo) foi uma região do Cáucaso, que consistia no litoral e a maior parte do interior do atual território de Krai de Krasnodar e Adiguésia. A região histórica que atualmente engloba Ossétia do Norte-Alania, foi nomeada assim pelas a populações tradicionais, os circassianos e adigueses, e um pequeno número de grupos e tribos étnicas. O conflito russo-circassiano começou com a chegada das primeiras forças de ocupação russa em 1763, e terminou com a assinatura de vários juramentos de lealdade impostos pela Rússia a líderes circassianos em 2 de junho de 1864 (21 de maio de acordo com o calendário juliano). Embora a guerra russo-circassiana houvesse começado como um conflito isolado, a expansão russa na região logo levou a conflitos com outras nações, que se tornou conhecido como a Guerra do Cáucaso, da qual a guerra russo-circassiana fazia parte. Ambas terminaram com a assinatura do juramento de fidelidade à Rússia, e a total a ocupação da região pelas forças russas, que envolveu uma maciça migração de milhões de nativos circassianos para as áreas do Império Otomano: a Turquia moderna, a Síria, o Líbano, Israel, Jordânia e Kosovo) (o Império Otomano se ofereceu para abrigar os circassianos que não queriam aceitar o domínio de um monarca cristão, e muitos emigraram para a Anatólia, o coração da Sublime Porta ). Vários historiadores russos, do Cáucaso, e os ocidentais concordam com um número de aproximadamente 500.000 habitantes do Cáucaso que foram deportados pela Rússia na década de 1860. Uma grande fração deles morreram no caminho por doenças. Alguns historiadores circassianos citam em até 4.000.000 civis mortos durante o êxodo. Aqueles que permaneceram leais à Rússia, foram assentados em terras baixas, na margem esquerda do rio Kuban.s baixas, na margem esquerda do rio Kuban.
, The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: Урыс-ады … The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: Урыс-адыгэ зауэ, romanized: Wurıs-adığə zawə; Russian: Русско-черкесская война; 1763–1864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 (O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus, and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought. During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the Circassian genocide where up to 1,500,000 Circassians (85-97% of the total population) were either killed or expelled to the Ottoman Empire (especially to modern-day Turkey; see Circassians in Turkey), creating the Circassian diaspora. While the war was initially an isolated conflict, Russian expansion through the entire region soon drew a number of other nations in the Caucasus into the conflict. As such, the war is often considered the western half of the Caucasus War. During the war, the Russian Empire did not recognize Circassia as an independent region, and as a result; it considered Circassia Russian land which was under rebel occupation, despite the fact that the region was not and had never been under Russian control. Russian generals did not refer to the Circassians by their ethnic name, instead, they called the Circassians "mountaineers", “bandits", and "mountain scum". The war has been subjected to historical revisionism and it has also garnered controversy due to the fact that later Russian sources mostly ignored or belittled the conflict, and Russian state media and officials have gone as far as to claim that the conflict "never happened” and they have also claimed that Circassia "voluntarily joined Russia in the 16th century".tarily joined Russia in the 16th century".
, La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) f … La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) fait référence à une série de batailles et de guerres en Circassie, au nord-ouest du Caucase, au cours de la conquête du Caucase par l’Empire russe. Ceux qui utilisent le terme guerre russo-circassienne prennent comme date de début des hostilités 1763, lorsque les Russes ont commencé à établir des forts, y compris à Mozdok, pour être utilisés comme base pour la conquête, et comme date de fin le 2 juin 1864, 101 ans plus tard, avec la signature de serments de loyauté par les dirigeants circassiens. La guerre du Caucase, terme alternatif utilisé, ne fait généralement référence qu’à la période 1817-1864. La guerre russo-circassienne est la phase occidentale de la guerre du Caucase de 1817-1864, durant laquelle la Russie a pris le contrôle des montagnes du Caucase. La phase orientale est la conquête de la Tchétchénie et du Daghestan de 1817-1859. Après la fin de la guerre, l’Empire ottoman a offert l’asile aux Circassiens qui ne souhaitaient pas accepter le règne d’un monarque chrétien, et beaucoup ont émigré en Anatolie, au cœur du territoire ottoman et sont allés dans les pays actuels de Turquie, Syrie, Jordanie, Palestine, Israël, Irak et Kosovo. De petits groupes ont rejoint la Perse voisine. Divers historiens russes, caucasiens et occidentaux s’accordent sur le chiffre d’environ 500 000 habitants des hauts plateaux du Caucase déportés par la Russie dans les années 1860. Une partie d’entre eux sont morts de maladie durant le déplacement. Certains de ceux qui sont restés fidèles à la Russie ont été installés dans les basses terres, sur la rive gauche du fleuve Kouban.rres, sur la rive gauche du fleuve Kouban.
, Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirk … Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirkasia (1763–1864) adalah peperangan yang terjadi di wilayah Sirkasia di Kaukasus barat laut yang merupakan bagian dari proses penaklukan wilayah Kaukasus oleh Kekaisaran Rusia yang berlangsung selama sekitar 101 tahun (dari masa Tsar Pyotr yang Agung hingga tahun 1864). Sejarawan yang menggunakan istilah "Perang Rusia-Sirkasia" menjadikan tahun 1763 sebagai awal mula peperangan, karena pada tahun tersebut Rusia mulai mendirikan benteng-benteng (termasuk benteng di Mozdok) yang menjadi basis untuk melancarkan penaklukan. Perang Rusia-Aidghe berakhir setelah para pemimpin Adighe menyatakan sumpah setia pada tanggal 2 Juni [K.J.: 21 Mei] 1864. Kemudian Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menerima orang-orang Adighe yang terusir dari tanah airnya. Sebagian kecil mengungsi ke wilayah Persia. Diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 500.000 orang Adighe di dataran tinggi Kaukasus yang dideportasi oleh Rusia pada tahun 1860-an. Banyak di antara mereka yang tewas karena penyakit selama proses deportasi. Sebagian yang tetap setia kepada Rusia menetap di wilayah dataran rendah di tepi kiri .p di wilayah dataran rendah di tepi kiri .
, 俄羅斯－切爾克西亞戰爭（阿迪格語：Урыс-адыгэ зауэ，羅馬化：Wurıs … 俄羅斯－切爾克西亞戰爭（阿迪格語：Урыс-адыгэ зауэ，羅馬化：Wurıs-adığə zawə，俄語：Русско-черкесская война，1763–1864）是俄罗斯帝国為入侵切尔克西亚而發動的一場戰爭 。戰爭始于1763年，那年俄罗斯帝国開始進攻切尔克西亚，随后切尔克西亚當局抵抗俄羅斯帝國， 1864年5月21日（舊曆），最后一支切尔克西亚军队被俄罗斯帝国击败。 俄罗斯－切尔克斯战争是俄罗斯和切尔卡西亚之間有史以来最长的战争。 在战争期间和战后，俄罗斯帝国發動切爾克斯民族清洗，多达 1,500,000 切尔克斯人（占总人口85-97%）被杀或被驱逐到奥斯曼帝国（土耳其的切尔克斯人）。 在战争期间，俄罗斯帝国不承认切尔克西亚是一个独立國家，它认为切尔克斯西亚是被叛军占领的俄罗斯土地，尽管该地区之前从未被俄罗斯統治過。 而俄国将军们從未稱呼称呼切尔克斯西亚當地的居民為切尔克斯人，而是称他們为山地人、土匪和山中人渣。这场战争甚至受到了历史修正主义的影响，俄罗斯官方媒体和官员甚至声称这场戰爭“从未发生过”，他们还声称切尔克西亚是“在16世纪自愿加入俄罗斯”。甚至声称这场戰爭“从未发生过”，他们还声称切尔克西亚是“在16世纪自愿加入俄罗斯”。
, La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el período d … La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el período de hostilidades entre el Imperio ruso y los habitantes de Circasia durante la invasión y ocupación por parte de Rusia de la región de Circasia. Circasia (también conocida como Cherkesia en ruso) fue una región en el Cáucaso, la cual consistía de la línea costera y la mayor parte del interior del actual territorio del Krai de Krasnodar y Adiguesia. La región histórica, que ahora abarca a Osetia del Norte-Alania, fue nombrada así por los habitantes tradicionales, los circasianos y los adigueses o adigas, así como un pequeño número de grupos y tribus étnicas. El conflicto ruso-circasiano comenzó con la llegada inicial de fuerzas de ocupación rusas en 1763, y terminó con la firma de varios juramentos de lealtad impuestos por los rusos a los jefes circasianos el 2 de junio de 1864 (21 de mayo, de acuerdo al calendario juliano). Aunque la guerra ruso-circasiana comenzó como un conflicto aislado, la expansión rusa en la región pronto condujo a choques con otras naciones, que en conjunto se denominaron «guerra del Cáucaso», y de la cual la guerra ruso-circasiana formó parte. Ambas finalizaron con la firma de juramentos de lealtad a Rusia y la ocupación total de la región por fuerzas rusas, lo cual desencadenó una migración masiva de millones de circasianos nativos hacia territorios del Imperio otomano (la moderna Turquía, Siria, Líbano, Israel, Jordania y Kosovo); algunos historiadores circasianos afirman que durante el éxodo fallecieron hasta cuatro millones de personas (véase Muhayir (Cáucaso)).es de personas (véase Muhayir (Cáucaso)).
, الحرب الروسية الشركسية (بالروسية: Русско-Ч … الحرب الروسية الشركسية (بالروسية: Русско-Черкесской войны) (1763 - 1864) تشير إلى سلسلة من المعارك والحروب في شركيسيا، القسم الشمالي الغربي من القوقاز/القفقاس، بين الشعب الشركسي والقوات الروسية الغازية وبمعاونة من مجامع المرتزقة القوزاق، والتي التي كانت جزءاً من احتلال الإمبراطورية الروسية للقوقاز الشمالي/شمال القفقاس والتي دامت فيها الحروب قرابة 150 عاماً، وبدأت هذه الحروب تحت حكم القيصر الروسي بطرس الأكبر وانتهت عام 1864. مع أن غزو القوقاز/القفقاس بدأ تقريباً مع بدء الحروب الروسية الفارسية، المصطلح حرب القوقاز يشير إلى الفترة 1817-1864. أما مصطلح الحرب الروسية الشركسية فظهر في 1763، عندما بدأ الروس إقامة الحصون والمخافر الحدودية، ومن ضمنها موزدوك، ليستخدموها كنقطة انطلاق للغزو والسيطرة الكاملة على كامل مناطق شمال القفقاس (القوقاز)، ومناطق شركيسيا وداغستان بشكل خاص. الحرب القوقازية في شمال القفقاس والتي أنتهت آخر مراحلها الحرب الروسية الشركسية بتوقيع استسلام ما تبقى من القادة الشركس في 2 يونيو 1864 (21 مايو).و بعد ذلك، الدولة العثمانية عرضت إيواء الشركس الذين لم يقبلوا العيش تحت حكم عاهل مسيحي في أراضيها، وحاربوا روسيا القيصرية لمدة 101 عام دفاعا عن حريتهم واستقلالهم وبعد اشتداد الاضطهاد الديني وما رافقه من عمليات الإبادة التي أرتكبت ضد الشراكسة، قامت القوات الروسية بتهجير القفقاسيين بشكل عام والشركس بشكل خاص إلى الأناضول، قلب الدولة العثمانية، وانتهى بهم الأمر حالياً في تركيا، سوريا، فلسطين، الأردن وكوسوفو. مؤرخون عديدون مختلفون (روس وقوقازيون وغربيون) اتفقوا على أن تقريباً 500,000 ساكن في مرتفعات القوقاز تم ترحيله عنوة من قبل روسيا القيصرية خلال الستينيات من القرن التاسع عشر. ماتت أعداد كبيرة منهم جراء المرض أثناء الرحيل. أولئك الذين بقوا في روسيا إجبروا على ترك أراضيهم والعيش بالأراضي الشركسية المنخفضة والتي كانت مرتعاً للأمراض لوجود السبخات التي يكثير فيها البعوض قرب مدينة كراسنودار، على الضفة الغربية من نهر الكوبان.اسنودار، على الضفة الغربية من نهر الكوبان.
, Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie – określenie wo … Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie – określenie wojen, trwających od około 1763 roku do 1864 roku, toczonych pomiędzy Imperium Rosyjskim a Czerkiesją, wspieraną przez Imperium osmańskie i Imamat Kaukaski. Konflikt rozpoczął się za panowania cara Piotra Wielkiego. Chciał on w pełni podporządkować sobie Czerkiesję. Choć zaczęła się wcześniej niż wojna rosyjsko-perska, czasami jest traktowana jak jej epizod. Po stronie cara walczyło 150 tys. do 200 tys. żołnierzy przeciwko kilkunastu tysiącom przeciwników. Dla walczących początkiem końca okazało się schwytanie Imama Szamila w 1859 roku. Po tym Rosjanie zaczęli odnosić zwycięstwa i w 1864 roku podbili Czerkiesję. Nieznana jest liczba ofiar wśród Czerkiesów, może być to kilkaset tysięcy osób, a mniej więcej pół miliona osób zostało zmuszonych do przesiedlenia się w inne rejony.zonych do przesiedlenia się w inne rejony.
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| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/causalties
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651,000–1,505,000 (Estimate)
, 650,000–1,500,000 (Estimate)
, 1,000–5,000 (Estimate)
, Military deaths:
, Civilian deaths:
, Total:
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*18pxPrincipality of Guria(1810–1829)
, Natukhaj(until 1860)
, British Adventurers(1838–1856)
, Zhaney(until 1780s)
, Makhosh(until 1864)
, ----
, France(1829; 1856)
, *22pxPrincipality of Mingrelia(1803–1864)
, Aided by:
, Khatuq(until 1780s)
, Bzhedug(until May 1859)
, Caucasian Imamate(1848–1859)
, Kabardia (East Circassia)(until 1822)
, Russian Empire
, Hatuqway(until 1861)
, Chemguy(until 1861)
, Diplomatic support:
, *18pxKalmyk Khanate(1769–1771)
, Circassian tribal regions:
, Chebsin(until 1780s)
, Principality of Abkhazia(1808–1810)
, Abdzakh(until November 1859)
, Mamkhegh(until 1823)
, Khegayk(until 1830s)
, Besleney(until 1864)
, Ademey(until 1780s)
, Ottoman Empire(1787–1792; 1806–1812; 1828–1829)
, Ubykh(until 1864)
, Yegeruqway(until 1849)
, Shapsug(until 1864)
, Hakuchey(until 1870)
, (…and others)
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| http://dbpedia.org/ontology/commander
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aytech_Qanoqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Catherine_the_Great +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sheikh_Mansur +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aleksey_Petrovich_Yermolov +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aslan-Bey_Shervashidze +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Alexander_II_of_Russia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Qasey_Atajuq +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Qerzech_Shirikhuqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Muhammad_Amin_%28Dagestan%29 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Fyodor_Bursak +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Shuwpagwe_Qalawebateqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Defection +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kazbech_Tuguzhoko +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Psheqo_Akhedjaqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Qerandiqo_Berzeg +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aleksandr_Baryatinsky +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/David_Dadiani +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sefer_Bey_Zanuko +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Alexander_I_of_Russia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Grigory_Zass +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Nikolay_Yevdokimov +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ale_Khirtsizhiqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Teofil_Lapinski +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Paul_I_of_Russia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pavel_Tsitsianov +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Misost_Bematiqwa +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Dmitry_Milyutin +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Nicholas_I_of_Russia +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ismail_Berzeg +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Pavel_Grabbe +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jembulat_Boletoqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/James_Stanislaus_Bell +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georgi_Emmanuel +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Maxim_Grigorievich_Vlasov +
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Caucasian_War +
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During theCircassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to theOttoman Empire, and a much smaller number of them were expelled toPersia. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Circassia +
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Russian victory
, *Circassian genocideand mass expulsion
, * Annexation ofCircassiaby theRussian Empire
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150,000–300,000 regulars
, 20,000–60,000 regulars
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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Heinrich_Ambrose_Eckert_-_Battle_between_Cossacks_and_Circassians_%281838%29.jpg?width=300 +
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http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/defeat_and_deportation.htm +
, http://www.unpo.org/article.php%3Fid=1639 +
, http://www.unpo.org/content/view/5634/236/ +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070329185451/http:/www.circassianworld.com/Circassian_Resistance.pdf +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070503023621/http:/www.circassianworld.com/About_Site.html +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=LHlwZwpA70cC&printsec=frontcover +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070211133110/http:/circassianworld.com/russian_circassian_war.html +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20080528095914/http:/www.circassianworld.com/Russo-Circassian-War.pdf +
, http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/circass.htm +
, https://archive.org/details/russlandunddiet00neumgoog +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200519/http:/faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/defeat_and_deportation.htm%7Carchive-date=27 +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070827113636/http:/www.circassianworld.com/reports.html +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=PjPCmnzztfkC&q=Circassian%2Bgenocide&pg=PA149 +
, http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/adanir/courses/hist593.html +
, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx%3Fc=moa%3Bidno=AFF9540.0001.001 +
, http://www.kaziev.ru/index/imam_shamil/0-44 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=n_YMKlVfFLkC&q=Circassian%2Bgenocide&pg=PA163 +
, http://users.jyu.fi/~aphamala/pe/issue2/circass.htm +
, https://web.archive.org/web/20070105172808/http:/www.circassianworld.com/Goble.html +
, https://archive.org/search.php%3Fquery=creator:%22Bell%2C%20James%20Stanislaus%22 +
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, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Treaty_of_Adrianople_%281829%29 +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Infantry +
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, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Janazah +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Battle_of_Beshtamak +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Sultan_Khan-Giray +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Forced_migration +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georgian_Military_Highway +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Turkish_people +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Qerandiqo_Berzeg +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Caucasus_War +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Caucasus +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Historical_revisionism +
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|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/author
|
Hawduqo Mansur
, Ivan Petrovich Delpotso
, Seferbiy Zaneqo
, Ismail Berzeg
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/casualties
|
500000
, 651000
, 1500000
, 1000
, 650000
, Military deaths:
, Total:
, 1000000
, Civilian deaths:
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/casus
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Caucasus_War +
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/combatant
|
Natukhaj
, Circassian tribal regions:
, (…and others)
, Abdzakh
, Zhaney
, France
, Ademey
, Hatuqway
, Principality of Abkhazia
, Caucasian Imamate
, Besleney
, British Adventurers
, Makhosh
, Khegayk
, Ubykh
, Kabardia (East Circassia)
----
Aided by:
, Chemguy
, Khatuq
, Mamkhegh
, Yegeruqway
, Russian Empire
*18px Kalmyk Khanate
*22px Principality of Mingrelia
*18px Principality of Guria
----
Diplomatic support:
, Chebsin
, Bzhedug
, Hakuchey
, Ottoman Empire
, Shapsug
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/commander
|
Pavel Grabbe
, Qasey Atajuq
, Teofil Lapinski
, Grigory Zass
, Jembulat Boletoqo
, Georgi Emmanuel
, James Stanislaus Bell
, Michael Nikolaevich
, Psheqo Akhedjaqo
, Aslan-Bey Chachba
, Nicholas I
, (…and others)
, Fyodor Bursak
, Nikolay Yevdokimov
, Hawduqo Mansur
, David Dadiani
, Qerandiqo Berzeg
, Misost Bematiqwa
, Ale Khirtsizhiqo
, Paul I
, Muhammad-Amin Asiyalav
, Pavel Tsitsianov
, Aleksandr Baryatinsky
, Seferbiy Zanuqo
, Aleksey Yermolov
, Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo
, Alexander I
, Dmitry Milyutin
, Kizbech Tughuzhuqo
, Ismail Berzeg
, Mansur Ushurma
, Catherine II
, Maxim Grigorievich Vlasov
, Aytech Qanoqo (D)
, Alexander II
, Qerzech Shirikhuqo
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/conflict
|
Russo-Circassian War
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/date
|
--07-28
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/imageSize
|
300
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/notes
|
During the Circassian Genocide, about 1,50 … During the Circassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to the Ottoman Empire, and a much smaller number of them were expelled to Persia. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation.re expelled died during their deportation.
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/partof
|
the Caucasian War
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/place
|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Circassia +
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/result
|
Russian victory
* Annexation of Circassia by the Russian Empire
* Circassian genocide and mass expulsion
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/strength
|
20000
, 150000
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/text
|
…I captured three Circassians from carriages that were on their way to fetch grass, other than the thirteen we already had, who did not wish to surrender to us voluntarily, so I ordered to kill them.
, …In this affair the Russians lost 10 soldi … …In this affair the Russians lost 10 soldiers and had one officer and 16 soldiers wounded. At the scene of the battle there were more than 150 bodies of Circassians killed by bayonets and up to 50 women and children killed from the action of the Russian artillery. from the action of the Russian artillery.
, Even if we lose many of our brave warriors … Even if we lose many of our brave warriors, we have men and young boys to replace them! Worst case, we will not be able to use our rifles because we don't have gunpowder and ammo. We will still fight with swords and daggers in our hands! We will never ever bow to the enemies! Even if the whole world leaves us alone and we are cornered to the last point of our country, it will be seen what the Circassians can do. If necessary, we will have to mercifully take the lives of our women and children with our own hands, so that they do not fall into the hands of the enemy and suffer more. And then, to avenge them, we too must perish. then, to avenge them, we too must perish.
, If you decide to continue fighting this war against us, you should know that no power has ever been able to bring our mountains to their knees, and we have never submitted to anyone.
, "This time, I am limiting myself on this. In the future, I will have no mercy for the guilty brigands; their villages will be destroyed, properties taken, wives and children will be slaughtered."
, The savages panicked and started fleeing f … The savages panicked and started fleeing from their homes, leaving their weapons behind attempting to escape to the forest but most of them were killed by the Cossacks…with the soldiers lined up ready to fight, the cleansing continued with artillery shells, and I sent there two infantry brigades, but they could only capture 11 more people, and since the fire was in flames in many places, the rest were either killed or burned after attempting to escape by hiding on the roofs of their homes or by the manure. So like this, we destroyed and destructed the neighborhood.destroyed and destructed the neighborhood.
, In the name of God, the Most Compassionate … In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.
Our most humble Petition to Her Magnificent Majesty the Queen and Emperor of
England is to the effect that –
It is now more than eighty years since the Russian Government is unlawfully striving to subdue and annex to its dominions Circassia, which since the creation of the world has been our home and our country. It slaughters like sheep the children, helpless women, and old men that fall into its hands. It rolls about their heads with the bayonet like melons, and there is no act of oppression or cruelty which is beyond the pale of civilisation and humanity, and which defies description, that it has not committed.
We have not, from father to son, at the cost of our lives and properties, refrained from opposing the tyrannical acts of that Government in defence of our country, which is dearer to us than our lives. But during the last year or two it has taken advantage of a famine caused by a drought with which the Almighty visited us, as well as by its own ravages, and it has occasioned us great distress by its severe attacks by sea and land. Many are the lives which have been lost in battle, from hunger in the mountains, from destitution on the sea-coast, and from want of skill at sea.
We therefore invoke the mediation and precious assistance of the British Government and people – the guardian of humanity and centre of justice – in order to repel the brutal attacks of the Russian Government on our country, and save our country and our nation together.
But if it is not possible to afford this help for the preservation of our country, and race, then we pray to be afforded facilities for removing to a place of safety our helpless and miserable children and women that are perishing by the brutal attacks of the enemy as well as by the effects of famine; and if neither of these two requests are taken into consideration, and if in our helpless condition we are utterly annihilated notwithstanding our appeals to the mercy and grace of the Governments, then we shall not cease to invoke our right in the presence of the Lord of the Universe, of Him who has confided to Your Majesty sovereignty, strength, and power for the purpose of protecting the weak.
We beg Your Excellency to be the medium of making known to the great British Government and to the glorious British nation our condition of helplessness and misery, and we have therefore ventured to present to Your Excellency our most humble petition. A copy of it has been submitted to the Sultan’s Government and to the Embassies of other Powers.
Signed by the People of Circassia. 29 Sheval, 1280y the People of Circassia. 29 Sheval, 1280
, I must say, General, your statements truly … I must say, General, your statements truly astound me. If your master, the Tsar, is so wealthy, and we are so poor and barbaric, why does your master envy us and forbid us from living in our humble mountains? Your lord appears to be greedy and lustful. I'm afraid, sir, we won't be surrendering the Englishmen and Turkish pashas in our lands; we can not abandon them because they are our friends and visitors. No amount of gold or silver, I swear to God, will be able to deviate us from the path of honor.able to deviate us from the path of honor.
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/units
|
Irregular military
, Circassian Confederational Army
----
Foreign volunteers
, The Abreks
, The Murtaziqs
, Russian Imperial Army
* Russian artillery units
* Russian cavalry units
* Russian infantry units
* Cossack raiders
*Karachay-Balkars
, Chechen volunteers
, Dargin volunteers
, Polish volunteers
, After 1860:
, Abkhazian volunteers
, Avar volunteers
, Ingush volunteers
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The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: Урыс-ады … The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: Урыс-адыгэ зауэ, romanized: Wurıs-adığə zawə; Russian: Русско-черкесская война; 1763–1864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 (O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus, and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought.oth Russia and Circassia have ever fought.
, Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirk … Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirkasia (1763–1864) adalah peperangan yang terjadi di wilayah Sirkasia di Kaukasus barat laut yang merupakan bagian dari proses penaklukan wilayah Kaukasus oleh Kekaisaran Rusia yang berlangsung selama sekitar 101 tahun (dari masa Tsar Pyotr yang Agung hingga tahun 1864). Sejarawan yang menggunakan istilah "Perang Rusia-Sirkasia" menjadikan tahun 1763 sebagai awal mula peperangan, karena pada tahun tersebut Rusia mulai mendirikan benteng-benteng (termasuk benteng di Mozdok) yang menjadi basis untuk melancarkan penaklukan.enjadi basis untuk melancarkan penaklukan.
, الحرب الروسية الشركسية (بالروسية: Русско-Ч … الحرب الروسية الشركسية (بالروسية: Русско-Черкесской войны) (1763 - 1864) تشير إلى سلسلة من المعارك والحروب في شركيسيا، القسم الشمالي الغربي من القوقاز/القفقاس، بين الشعب الشركسي والقوات الروسية الغازية وبمعاونة من مجامع المرتزقة القوزاق، والتي التي كانت جزءاً من احتلال الإمبراطورية الروسية للقوقاز الشمالي/شمال القفقاس والتي دامت فيها الحروب قرابة 150 عاماً، وبدأت هذه الحروب تحت حكم القيصر الروسي بطرس الأكبر وانتهت عام 1864. مع أن غزو القوقاز/القفقاس بدأ تقريباً مع بدء الحروب الروسية الفارسية، المصطلح حرب القوقاز يشير إلى الفترة 1817-1864. أما مصطلح الحرب الروسية الشركسية فظهر في 1763، عندما بدأ الروس إقامة الحصون والمخافر الحدودية، ومن ضمنها موزدوك، ليستخدموها كنقطة انطلاق للغزو والسيطرة الكاملة على كامل مناطق شمال القفقاس (القوقاز)، ومناطق شركيسيا وداغستان بشكل خاص.لقوقاز)، ومناطق شركيسيا وداغستان بشكل خاص.
, A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) … A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) foi o período de hostilidades entre o Império Russo e os habitantes da Circásia durante a invasão e ocupação da Rússia dessa região. A guerra fazia parte da conquista do Cáucaso pelo Império Russo que durou aproximadamente 150 anos, com início sob o reinado do Czar Pedro, o Grande e foi concluída em 1864. A Circásia (também conhecida como Cherkessia em russo) foi uma região do Cáucaso, que consistia no litoral e a maior parte do interior do atual território de Krai de Krasnodar e Adiguésia. A região histórica que atualmente engloba Ossétia do Norte-Alania, foi nomeada assim pelas a populações tradicionais, os circassianos e adigueses, e um pequeno número de grupos e tribos étnicas. O conflito russo-circassiano começou com a chegada das primeiras foano começou com a chegada das primeiras fo
, La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el período d … La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el período de hostilidades entre el Imperio ruso y los habitantes de Circasia durante la invasión y ocupación por parte de Rusia de la región de Circasia. Circasia (también conocida como Cherkesia en ruso) fue una región en el Cáucaso, la cual consistía de la línea costera y la mayor parte del interior del actual territorio del Krai de Krasnodar y Adiguesia. La región histórica, que ahora abarca a Osetia del Norte-Alania, fue nombrada así por los habitantes tradicionales, los circasianos y los adigueses o adigas, así como un pequeño número de grupos y tribus étnicas. El conflicto ruso-circasiano comenzó con la llegada inicial de fuerzas de ocupación rusas en 1763, y terminó con la firma de varios juramentos de lealtad impuestos por los rusos a los jefes circd impuestos por los rusos a los jefes circ
, 俄羅斯－切爾克西亞戰爭（阿迪格語：Урыс-адыгэ зауэ，羅馬化：Wurıs … 俄羅斯－切爾克西亞戰爭（阿迪格語：Урыс-адыгэ зауэ，羅馬化：Wurıs-adığə zawə，俄語：Русско-черкесская война，1763–1864）是俄罗斯帝国為入侵切尔克西亚而發動的一場戰爭 。戰爭始于1763年，那年俄罗斯帝国開始進攻切尔克西亚，随后切尔克西亚當局抵抗俄羅斯帝國， 1864年5月21日（舊曆），最后一支切尔克西亚军队被俄罗斯帝国击败。 俄罗斯－切尔克斯战争是俄罗斯和切尔卡西亚之間有史以来最长的战争。 在战争期间和战后，俄罗斯帝国發動切爾克斯民族清洗，多达 1,500,000 切尔克斯人（占总人口85-97%）被杀或被驱逐到奥斯曼帝国（土耳其的切尔克斯人）。 在战争期间，俄罗斯帝国不承认切尔克西亚是一个独立國家，它认为切尔克斯西亚是被叛军占领的俄罗斯土地，尽管该地区之前从未被俄罗斯統治過。 而俄国将军们從未稱呼称呼切尔克斯西亚當地的居民為切尔克斯人，而是称他們为山地人、土匪和山中人渣。这场战争甚至受到了历史修正主义的影响，俄罗斯官方媒体和官员甚至声称这场戰爭“从未发生过”，他们还声称切尔克西亚是“在16世纪自愿加入俄罗斯”。甚至声称这场戰爭“从未发生过”，他们还声称切尔克西亚是“在16世纪自愿加入俄罗斯”。
, La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) f … La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) fait référence à une série de batailles et de guerres en Circassie, au nord-ouest du Caucase, au cours de la conquête du Caucase par l’Empire russe. Ceux qui utilisent le terme guerre russo-circassienne prennent comme date de début des hostilités 1763, lorsque les Russes ont commencé à établir des forts, y compris à Mozdok, pour être utilisés comme base pour la conquête, et comme date de fin le 2 juin 1864, 101 ans plus tard, avec la signature de serments de loyauté par les dirigeants circassiens. La guerre du Caucase, terme alternatif utilisé, ne fait généralement référence qu’à la période 1817-1864.ement référence qu’à la période 1817-1864.
, Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie – określenie wo … Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie – określenie wojen, trwających od około 1763 roku do 1864 roku, toczonych pomiędzy Imperium Rosyjskim a Czerkiesją, wspieraną przez Imperium osmańskie i Imamat Kaukaski. Konflikt rozpoczął się za panowania cara Piotra Wielkiego. Chciał on w pełni podporządkować sobie Czerkiesję. Choć zaczęła się wcześniej niż wojna rosyjsko-perska, czasami jest traktowana jak jej epizod. Po stronie cara walczyło 150 tys. do 200 tys. żołnierzy przeciwko kilkunastu tysiącom przeciwników. Dla walczących początkiem końca okazało się schwytanie Imama Szamila w 1859 roku. Po tym Rosjanie zaczęli odnosić zwycięstwa i w 1864 roku podbili Czerkiesję. Nieznana jest liczba ofiar wśród Czerkiesów, może być to kilkaset tysięcy osób, a mniej więcej pół miliona osób zostało zmuszonych do przesi miliona osób zostało zmuszonych do przesi
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| rdfs:label |
Russo-Circassian War
, Perang Rusia-Adighe
, Guerra russo-circassiana
, Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie
, Guerra ruso-circasiana
, الحرب الروسية الشركسية
, Guerre russo-circassienne
, Черкесская война за независимость
, 俄羅斯－切爾克西亞戰爭
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| rdfs:seeAlso |
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Seferbiy_Zaneqo +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Circassian_genocide +
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