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植物血凝素（Phytohaemagglutinin，PHA）是一种存在于植物中的，多存在于在某些豆类中。PHA实际上由两种密切相关的蛋白质组成，称为白细胞凝集素（PHA-L）和红细胞凝集素（PHA-E）。这些蛋白质导致血细胞聚集在一起。PHA-E 会导致红细胞凝集。PHA-L 会导致白细胞凝集。 植物血凝素为低聚糖（由D一甘露糖、衍生物所构成）与蛋白质的复合物，属于高分子糖蛋白类，存在于一些豆类种子中，对血细胞有一定凝集作用，故名。
, Fytohemagglutinine (PHA), vroeger ook wel … Fytohemagglutinine (PHA), vroeger ook wel fasine genoemd, is een lectine die aangetroffen wordt in planten. De stof wordt gebruikt in medisch onderzoek als activator van T-lymfocyten. Fytohemagglutinine wordt in de hoogste concentratie aangetroffen in rode nierbonen (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ook in rauwe peulvruchten en aardappelen komt het voor. De planten, waaraan deze producten groeien, produceren deze stof om diervraat tegen te gaan. In hoge doses is het een gif. Wanneer de bonen rauw of niet goed gekookt gegeten worden kan het vergiftiging veroorzaken. Gemeten in (hau) bevat een rauwe boon tot 70,000 hau. Door correcte bereiding, zoals koken, kan dit teruggebracht worden met een factor 200. Vergiftiging kan al worden veroorzaakt door vijf rauwe bonen. De symptomen verschijnen binnen 3 uur. De symptomen zijn misselijkheid en braken. De verschijnselen verdwijnen meestal zonder medische tussenkomst. PHA bestaat uit twee gerelateerde proteïnes, en .taat uit twee gerelateerde proteïnes, en .
, La fitohemaglutinina (conocida como PHA po … La fitohemaglutinina (conocida como PHA por la abreviación de Phytohaemagglutinin) es una lectina ampliamente distribuida entre la legumbres y en algunas oleaginosas incluida la soja Glycine max. Las lectinas son proteínas que reconocen carbohidratos y se caracterizan por su habilidad para combinarse con receptores de membrana de gram +. Estructuralmente, están formadas por un dominio tipo lectina y otro globular que es el que reconoce a los carbohidratos. La PHA fue reconocida por su capacidad para aglutinar eritrocitos y leucocitos. Además, estimula inespecíficamente la proliferación de células tanto B y T es esta característica mitogénica lo que le da su principal aplicación. Se emplea en el protocolo de preparación de las células en cultivo para hacer un cariotipos de detección de posibles anomalías cromosómicas. Las células se incuban con esta lectina que induce su mitosis y proliferación. Una vez que se considera que una gran parte de cromosomas y se encuentra en metafase, se añade colchicina que es un agente que detiene el ciclo en metafase, estado necesario para hacer el cariotipo. Una vez que las células se encuentran detenidas en metafase, se produce un choque osmótico para que se hinchen y poder fijar sus núcleos para el estudio de los cromosomas. Ahora que se encuentran fijados en un porta se procede a la tinción de los mismos. Recientes estudios con ratas alimentadas con lectinas purificadas aisladas de semilla de frijol rojo Phaseolus vulgaris han mostrado uniones directas de lectina a la mucosa intestinal (Almeida et al. 1991; Santiago et al. 1993), interaccionando directamente con los enterocitos e interfiriendo la absorción y transporte de nutrientes (i.e. carbohidratos) durante la digestión (Santiago et al. 1993) y causando lesiones epiteliales en el intestino (Oliveira et al. 1989).es en el intestino (Oliveira et al. 1989).
, Phytohämagglutinin (PHA) ist ein Gemisch von zwei Proteinen aus der Gruppe der Lektine, (für Erythrozyten-bindend) und (für Leukozyten-bindend).
, La fitoemoagglutinina (PHA) è una lectina … La fitoemoagglutinina (PHA) è una lectina presente nei semi di alcune leguminose come il fagiolo. La PHA in realtà consiste di due proteine strettamente correlate, chiamate PHA-L e PHA-E. Le lettere E e L indicano che queste proteine sono in grado di agglutinare rispettivamente gli eritrociti e i leucociti. La fitoemoagglutinina presenta una specificità di legame per i carboidrati, in particolare per un complesso oligosaccaridico contenente galattosio, N-acetilglucosammina e mannosio.lattosio, N-acetilglucosammina e mannosio.
, Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglu … Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. These proteins cause blood cells to clump together. PHA-E cause erythrocytes (red blood cells) to clump. PHA-L causes leukocytes (white blood cells) to clump. Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containinggalactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose. It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans and white kidney beans (also known as cannellini), and it is also found in lower quantities in many other types of green beans and other common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as broad beans (Vicia faba) such as fava beans. It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses, it is a toxin. The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism; it induces mitosis, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types. As a toxin, it can cause poisoning in monogastric animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared legumes, e.g., beans. Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau), a raw red kidney bean may contain up to 70,000 hau, but this is reduced to between 200 and 400 hau when properly cooked. Studies by British scientists recommend soaking beans for at least five hours, discarding the water, and then boiling the beans in fresh water at 100 °C (212 °F) for at least thirty minutes. A pressure cooker at 15 psi may be used to cook beans in 45 minutes without presoaking. Insufficient cooking, such as in a slow cooker at 75 °C/ 167 °F, may not completely destroy the toxins. Beans also contain alpha amylase inhibitor, but not in sufficient quantities to affect the digestion of starch after consumption of beans. Poisoning can be induced from as few as four raw beans. Symptoms usually begin with extreme nausea and vomiting within one to three hours of ingestion, followed by diarrhea. Abdominal pain has been reported in some people. Recovery is usually spontaneous and rapid, occurring within three to four hours after onset of symptoms, although some cases have required hospitalization. In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a mitogen to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent HIV-1 from human peripheral lymphocytes. In neuroscience, anterograde tracing is a research method that uses the protein product phytohaemagglutinin PHA-L as a molecular tracer that can be taken up by the cell and transported across the synapse into the next cell thereby tracing the path of axonal projections and relative connections that nerve impulses travel beginning with the source located at the perikaryon (cell body or soma) and through the presynaptic part located on neuron's efferent axon all the way to the point of termination at the efferent synapse which then provides input to another neuron. Lymphocytes cultured with phytohaemagglutinin can be used for karyotype analysis. Stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohaemagglutinin presents a classic model of transition of cells from the quiescent G0 phase of the cell cycle into G1-, and subsequently progression through S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.hrough S-, G2- and M- phases of the cycle.
, La phytohémagglutinine, ou phasine (PHA) e … La phytohémagglutinine, ou phasine (PHA) est une lectine présente chez les plantes, particulièrement chez les légumineuses, notamment les haricots. Cette substance a de nombreux effets physiologiques et est utile en recherche médicale. À haute dose, c'est une toxine. médicale. À haute dose, c'est une toxine.
, Фитогемагглютинин (ФГА, PHA) — белок-лекти … Фитогемагглютинин (ФГА, PHA) — белок-лектин растительного происхождения, или легумин, получаемый из красной обыкновенной фасоли Phaseolus vulgaris. ФГА включает два белка: лейкоагглютинин L-ФГА (PHA-L), агглютинирующий лейкоциты, и R-ФГА (PHA-E), агглютинирующий эритроциты. Фитогемагглютинин специфически связывает сложные олигосахариды, содержащие остатки галактозы, N-ацетилглюкозамина и маннозы. Открыт американским учёным-онкологом Питером Ноуэллом в 1960 году.ым-онкологом Питером Ноуэллом в 1960 году.
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La fitoemoagglutinina (PHA) è una lectina … La fitoemoagglutinina (PHA) è una lectina presente nei semi di alcune leguminose come il fagiolo. La PHA in realtà consiste di due proteine strettamente correlate, chiamate PHA-L e PHA-E. Le lettere E e L indicano che queste proteine sono in grado di agglutinare rispettivamente gli eritrociti e i leucociti. La fitoemoagglutinina presenta una specificità di legame per i carboidrati, in particolare per un complesso oligosaccaridico contenente galattosio, N-acetilglucosammina e mannosio.lattosio, N-acetilglucosammina e mannosio.
, 植物血凝素（Phytohaemagglutinin，PHA）是一种存在于植物中的，多存在于在某些豆类中。PHA实际上由两种密切相关的蛋白质组成，称为白细胞凝集素（PHA-L）和红细胞凝集素（PHA-E）。这些蛋白质导致血细胞聚集在一起。PHA-E 会导致红细胞凝集。PHA-L 会导致白细胞凝集。 植物血凝素为低聚糖（由D一甘露糖、衍生物所构成）与蛋白质的复合物，属于高分子糖蛋白类，存在于一些豆类种子中，对血细胞有一定凝集作用，故名。
, La fitohemaglutinina (conocida como PHA po … La fitohemaglutinina (conocida como PHA por la abreviación de Phytohaemagglutinin) es una lectina ampliamente distribuida entre la legumbres y en algunas oleaginosas incluida la soja Glycine max. Las lectinas son proteínas que reconocen carbohidratos y se caracterizan por su habilidad para combinarse con receptores de membrana de gram +.arse con receptores de membrana de gram +.
, Фитогемагглютинин (ФГА, PHA) — белок-лекти … Фитогемагглютинин (ФГА, PHA) — белок-лектин растительного происхождения, или легумин, получаемый из красной обыкновенной фасоли Phaseolus vulgaris. ФГА включает два белка: лейкоагглютинин L-ФГА (PHA-L), агглютинирующий лейкоциты, и R-ФГА (PHA-E), агглютинирующий эритроциты. Фитогемагглютинин специфически связывает сложные олигосахариды, содержащие остатки галактозы, N-ацетилглюкозамина и маннозы. Открыт американским учёным-онкологом Питером Ноуэллом в 1960 году.ым-онкологом Питером Ноуэллом в 1960 году.
, Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglu … Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially certain legumes. PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and PHA-E. These proteins cause blood cells to clump together. PHA-E cause erythrocytes (red blood cells) to clump. PHA-L causes leukocytes (white blood cells) to clump. Phytohaemagglutinin has carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide containinggalactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose.lactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose.
, Fytohemagglutinine (PHA), vroeger ook wel … Fytohemagglutinine (PHA), vroeger ook wel fasine genoemd, is een lectine die aangetroffen wordt in planten. De stof wordt gebruikt in medisch onderzoek als activator van T-lymfocyten. Fytohemagglutinine wordt in de hoogste concentratie aangetroffen in rode nierbonen (Phaseolus vulgaris). Ook in rauwe peulvruchten en aardappelen komt het voor. De planten, waaraan deze producten groeien, produceren deze stof om diervraat tegen te gaan. In hoge doses is het een gif. PHA bestaat uit twee gerelateerde proteïnes, en .taat uit twee gerelateerde proteïnes, en .
, Phytohämagglutinin (PHA) ist ein Gemisch von zwei Proteinen aus der Gruppe der Lektine, (für Erythrozyten-bindend) und (für Leukozyten-bindend).
, La phytohémagglutinine, ou phasine (PHA) e … La phytohémagglutinine, ou phasine (PHA) est une lectine présente chez les plantes, particulièrement chez les légumineuses, notamment les haricots. Cette substance a de nombreux effets physiologiques et est utile en recherche médicale. À haute dose, c'est une toxine. médicale. À haute dose, c'est une toxine.
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植物血凝素
, Phytohämagglutinin
, Фитогемагглютинин
, Phytohémagglutinine
, Fytohemagglutinine
, Fitoemoagglutinina
, Phytohaemagglutinin
, Fitohemaglutinina
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