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The Pearl incident was the largest recorde … The Pearl incident was the largest recorded nonviolent escape attempt by enslaved people in United States history. On April 15, 1848, seventy-seven slaves attempted to escape Washington D.C. by sailing away on a schooner called The Pearl. Their plan was to sail south on the Potomac River, then north up the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River to the free state of New Jersey, a distance of nearly 225 miles (362 km). The attempt was organized by both abolitionist whites and free blacks, who expanded the plan to include many more enslaved people. Paul Jennings, a former slave who had served President James Madison, helped plan the escape. The escapees, including men, women, and children, found their passage delayed by winds running against the ship. Two days later, they were captured on the Chesapeake Bay near Point Lookout, Maryland, by an armed posse traveling by steamboat. As punishment, the owners sold most of the escapees to traders, who took them to the Deep South. Freedom for the two Edmonson sisters was purchased that year with funds raised by Henry Ward Beecher's Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York. When the ship and its captives were brought back to Washington, a pro-slavery riot broke out in the city. The mob attempted to attack an abolitionist newspaper and other known anti-slavery activists. Extra police patrolled for three days to try to contain the violence until the unrest ended. The episode provoked a slavery debate in Congress, and may have influenced a provision in the Compromise of 1850 that ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, although not slavery itself. The escape inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe in writing her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), in which people in slavery dreaded being "sold South", and increased support for abolitionism in the North. Three white men were initially charged on numerous counts with aiding the escape and transporting the captives; the captains Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres were tried and convicted in 1848. After serving four years in prison, they were pardoned by President Millard Fillmore in 1852.ned by President Millard Fillmore in 1852.
, 펄 사건(영어: Pearl incident)은 1848년 일어난 미국 사상 … 펄 사건(영어: Pearl incident)은 1848년 일어난 미국 사상 최대 규모의 비폭력 노예 탈출 시도 사건이다. 1848년 4월 15일 워싱턴 D.C.의 노예 77명은 스쿠너 《펄 호》를 타고 탈출하려고 하였다. 탈출 계획은 포토맥 강을 따라 체서피크 만 북쪽으로 향한 뒤 델라웨어 강을 타고 자유주인 뉴저지주에 가려는 것이었다. 탈출 계획에는 백인과 자유인 신분의 흑인도 관여하였으나 흑인 노예들이 더 많았다. 미국의 네번째 대통령이었던 제임스 매디슨의 노예였다가 자유인이 된 도 탈출 계획을 도왔다. 남성과 여성, 아이들로 이루어진 노예들의 탈출은 배가 역풍을 맞아 늦어졌고, 이틀 후 체서피크만의 근처에서 무장 증기선을 탄 추적자들에게 붙잡혔다. 노예들의 주인은 탈출 시도에 대한 처벌로 이들 대부분을 미국 남부의 플랜트 농업 지역인 디프사우스 지역으로 팔아버렸다. 탈출을 시도한 노예들 가운데 (메리 에드먼슨과 에밀리 에드먼슨)는 뉴욕 블루클린의 회중 교회 성직자이자 노예 폐지론자였던 (Henry Ward Beecher)가 모은 기금으로 자유를 얻을 수 있었다. 펄 호가 노예들을 싣고 워싱턴에 도착하자 노예제 찬성자들에 의한 폭동이 일어났다. 이들은 노예 폐지론자들을 습격하고 폭력을 휘둘렀다. 경찰이 순찰을 강화했지만 폭동을 일으켰다는 이유로 구속된 사람은 없었다. 탈출 시도 이후 미국 하원은 노예제를 놓고 격론을 벌였으며 그 결과 (북위 36도 30분) 이북에서 노예 거래를 금지하는 1850년 타협이 이루어지게 되었다. 펄 사건은 해리엇 비처 스토가 1852년 출간한 《톰 아저씨의 오두막》쓰는데 영감을 주었다. 노예 탈출을 도운 혐의로 선장인 데니얼 드레이튼을 비롯한 세 명의 백인이 법정에 세워졌고 징역형에 쳐해졌다. 4년 뒤 당시 대통령밀러드 필모어는 이들을 사면하였다. 징역형에 쳐해졌다. 4년 뒤 당시 대통령밀러드 필모어는 이들을 사면하였다.
, Sprawa szkunera „Pearl” (ang. „Perła”) wią … Sprawa szkunera „Pearl” (ang. „Perła”) wiązała się z największą zbiorową próbą ucieczki czarnych niewolników w Stanach Zjednoczonych. 15 kwietnia 1848 roku siedemdziesięciu sześciu niewolników próbowało zbiec z Waszyngtonu, gdzie prawo zezwalało na posiadanie i handel niewolnikami.29-letni Daniel Drayton, człowiek bez określonego zawodu, pogardzał niewolnictwem, a jednocześnie bardzo potrzebował pieniędzy. Grupa niewolników obiecała mu sporą sumę za przewiezienie na tereny wolne. Drayton wynajął za 100 dolarów kapitana 54-tonowego szkunera zatokowego „Perła”, Edwarda Sayresa, z którym wspólnie przygotowali statek do drogi. W nocy dotarła nań grupa uciekinierów – mężczyzn, kobiet i dzieci – oddając się w ręce trzech białych (obok Draytona i Sayresa na pokładzie znalazł się też kucharz o nazwisku English). Plan zakładał żeglugę w dół rzeki Potomak, a następnie w górę zatoki Chesapeake, ku Delaware, gdzie niewolnictwo nie było tolerowane. Przeciwny wiatr i rozpoczynający się odpływ przeszkodził w żegludze w głąb zatoki, więc Sayres postanowił zakotwiczyć w ujściu rzeki i poczekać do rana. Tymczasem właściciele niewolników odkryli ucieczkę i wysłali pogoń. Jak napisał po latach w swych wspomnieniach Drayton: „Dodge z Georgetown, bogaty starszy pan, dostrzegł brak trojga swych niewolników, a jego mały parowiec „Salem” był w gotowości do drogi. Trzydziestu pięciu uzbrojonych mężczyzn, w tym dwóch synów starego Dodge'a, uruchomiło statek i w niedzielę w południe pościg ruszył”. „Salem” dopadł „Perłę” w poniedziałek rano i po krótkiej szamotaninie oba statki zawróciły do Waszyngtonu. Wydarzenie to zawiera w sobie pewne niejasności, dotyczące m.in. kwestii znajomości drogi przez goniących (trasa biegnąca w dół Potomacu, a następnie w górę zatoki), mimo że zbiegowie mogli wybrać drogę lądową, lub popłynąć w innym kierunku. Trafność wybrania drogi ucieczki zrodziła podejrzenie, że ktoś zamieszany w sprawę ucieczki zdradził, co zostało potem potwierdzone. Zdrajcą okazał się niewolnik Judson Didds, który został dopuszczony do tajemnicy szczegółów ucieczki. Wśród właścicieli niewolników zapanowała atmosfera zagrożenia, granicząca z histerią. Zaczęto szukać winnych zorganizowania ucieczki. Podejrzenie padło na dr. Gamaliela Bailey'ego, wydawcę „The National Era”, pisma o wyraźnych sympatiach pro-abolicjonistycznych; tłum właścicieli i ich sympatyków napadł na budynek redakcji, niemal doszczętnie go demolując. Jednocześnie zaczęła się dyskusja, jak należy ukarać zbiegłych niewolników. W jej efekcie wszystkich siedemdziesięciu sześciu sprzedano do domów aukcyjnych w Aleksandrii, skąd jednak, dzięki pomocy abolicjonistów, własnej zapobiegliwości i pewnej dozie szczęścia, odzyskali wolność. Najliczniejszą wśród nich grupę (11 osób) stanowiła rodzina Edmonsonów, której potomkowie żyją do dziś w Stanach Zjednoczonych i w Australii. Drayton, Sayres i English stanęli przed sądem. Ich adwokatem był znany abolicjonista Horace Mann. Proces rozpoczął się w lipcu, przy czym oskarżonymi byli Drayton i Sayres; English został zwolniony, bowiem sąd uznał, że jego udział był przypadkowy. Drayton i Sayres – po apelacji – zostali skazani na kary grzywny, ale wobec niewypłacalności trafili do więzienia. Po czterech latach senator Charles Sumner napisał do prezydenta Fillmore’a z prośbą o ułaskawienie obu skazańców. Prezydent wydał pozytywną decyzję w 1852 roku. Incydent spowodował wydanie przez Kongres w roku 1850 kompromisowej ustawy, zgodnie z którą w Dystrykcie Columbia zakazany został handel niewolnikami, aczkolwiek ich posiadanie nie zostało zakazane.lwiek ich posiadanie nie zostało zakazane.
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펄 사건(영어: Pearl incident)은 1848년 일어난 미국 사상 … 펄 사건(영어: Pearl incident)은 1848년 일어난 미국 사상 최대 규모의 비폭력 노예 탈출 시도 사건이다. 1848년 4월 15일 워싱턴 D.C.의 노예 77명은 스쿠너 《펄 호》를 타고 탈출하려고 하였다. 탈출 계획은 포토맥 강을 따라 체서피크 만 북쪽으로 향한 뒤 델라웨어 강을 타고 자유주인 뉴저지주에 가려는 것이었다. 탈출 계획에는 백인과 자유인 신분의 흑인도 관여하였으나 흑인 노예들이 더 많았다. 미국의 네번째 대통령이었던 제임스 매디슨의 노예였다가 자유인이 된 도 탈출 계획을 도왔다. 남성과 여성, 아이들로 이루어진 노예들의 탈출은 배가 역풍을 맞아 늦어졌고, 이틀 후 체서피크만의 근처에서 무장 증기선을 탄 추적자들에게 붙잡혔다. 노예들의 주인은 탈출 시도에 대한 처벌로 이들 대부분을 미국 남부의 플랜트 농업 지역인 디프사우스 지역으로 팔아버렸다. 탈출을 시도한 노예들 가운데 (메리 에드먼슨과 에밀리 에드먼슨)는 뉴욕 블루클린의 회중 교회 성직자이자 노예 폐지론자였던 (Henry Ward Beecher)가 모은 기금으로 자유를 얻을 수 있었다.Henry Ward Beecher)가 모은 기금으로 자유를 얻을 수 있었다.
, The Pearl incident was the largest recorde … The Pearl incident was the largest recorded nonviolent escape attempt by enslaved people in United States history. On April 15, 1848, seventy-seven slaves attempted to escape Washington D.C. by sailing away on a schooner called The Pearl. Their plan was to sail south on the Potomac River, then north up the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River to the free state of New Jersey, a distance of nearly 225 miles (362 km). The attempt was organized by both abolitionist whites and free blacks, who expanded the plan to include many more enslaved people. Paul Jennings, a former slave who had served President James Madison, helped plan the escape.ent James Madison, helped plan the escape.
, Sprawa szkunera „Pearl” (ang. „Perła”) wią … Sprawa szkunera „Pearl” (ang. „Perła”) wiązała się z największą zbiorową próbą ucieczki czarnych niewolników w Stanach Zjednoczonych. 15 kwietnia 1848 roku siedemdziesięciu sześciu niewolników próbowało zbiec z Waszyngtonu, gdzie prawo zezwalało na posiadanie i handel niewolnikami.29-letni Daniel Drayton, człowiek bez określonego zawodu, pogardzał niewolnictwem, a jednocześnie bardzo potrzebował pieniędzy. Grupa niewolników obiecała mu sporą sumę za przewiezienie na tereny wolne.orą sumę za przewiezienie na tereny wolne.
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펄 사건
, Pearl incident
, Sprawa szkunera „Pearl”
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