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Операция «Black Buck» (с англ. — «Чёрный олень») — серия налётов Британских ВВС на аргентинские позиции в Порт-Стэнли во время Фолклендской войны.
, Operation Black Buck (uppkallad efter beso … Operation Black Buck (uppkallad efter besoarantilop) var en serie om sju planerade (varav fem genomförda) bombflygningar under Falklandskriget. Flygningarna genomfördes av brittiska flygvapnets bombflygplan av typen Avro Vulcan. Basen var ön Ascension och målet var Falklandsöarna. Uppdragen var de dittills längsta stridsflygningarna någonsin. Sträckan fram och tillbaka var 15 000 km och tog 16 timmar. tillbaka var 15 000 km och tog 16 timmar.
, Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les opérations Black Buck 1 à Black Buck 7 furent une série de missions de bombardement à très longue distance réalisées par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les îles Malouines.
, ブラック・バック作戦（Operation Black Buck）とはイギリス・アルゼンチン間で勃発したフォークランド紛争において、1982年5月1日から6月12日にかけてフォークランド諸島で行われたアルゼンチン軍に対するイギリス軍の空襲作戦。 実施当時世界最長距離の空襲作戦であり、実施に当たっては空中給油が駆使された。期間中7回にわたって実施され、内5回が成功している。
, I raid dell'operazione Black Buck, condott … I raid dell'operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del RAF, decollati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1 000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Le operazioni richiesero il consumo di ingenti quantità di carburante. Secondo alcuni calcoli, sganciare ventuno bombe su Port Stanley sarebbe costato "un milione e centomila libbre di carburante, equivalenti a circa 137 000 galloni" [approssimativamente 518 000 litri], e tuttavia il reale impatto complessivo dei raid sull'andamento del conflitto è difficile da accertare. Le incursioni arrecarono un danno minimo alla pista, che fu riparato in fretta. Le fonti argentine, di solito liquidate come propaganda postbellica, furono in origine la fonte di voci secondo cui sarebbero stati i bombardamenti dei Vulcan a spingere l'Argentina a ritirare i Dassault Mirage III dalla parte sud del Paese alla zona di difesa di Buenos Aires. Questo effetto dissuasivo fu però reso inutile quando autorità britanniche chiarirono che non ci sarebbero stati attacchi ad aeroporti militari sul territorio nazionale argentino. Inoltre è stato suggerito che i raid Black Buck siano stati enfatizzati "ad arte" dalla Royal Air Force visto che le Forze Armate di Sua Maestà avevano subito dei tagli di bilancio alla fine degli anni settanta e la RAF avrebbe desiderato giocare un ruolo maggiore nel conflitto per evitare ulteriori tagli. Sulla pista fu prodotto un solo cratere, che però rese impossibile l'uso di jet veloci su quell'aeroporto. Gli specialisti argentini ripararono la pista in ventiquattr'ore, ma solo a un livello di efficienza adatto ai C-130 Hercules e agli Aermacchi MB-339. Molte fonti sostengono che falsi crateri abbiano confuso l'accertamento dei danni da parte dei britannici, che tuttavia rimasero consci che la pista restava utilizzabile da parte di C-130 e FMA IA-58 Pucará. Il Vulcan non aveva l'autonomia per raggiungere le Falkland senza fare rifornimento diverse volte, visto che era stato progettato per missioni di stand-off nucleare in Europa. Le aerocisterne della RAF erano per lo più dei bombardieri Handley-Page Victor con un raggio d'azione analogo, per cui necessitavano a loro volta di essere rifornite in volo. Così, per un totale di due soli Vulcan servivano undici aerocisterne: uno sforzo logistico enorme, dato che sia i bombardieri che le aerocisterne usavano la stessa pista. L'attacco produsse un solo colpo a segno sulla pista.I raid, con un volo di ritorno lungo quasi 16 ore, a quei tempi furono le missioni di bombardamento più lunghe della Storia (superati nella Guerra del Golfo del 1991 dai B-52G dell'USAF che decollavano dagli Stati Uniti continentali ma che usavano aerocisterne in posizione avanzata). Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike.-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike.
, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 we … Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were seven extremely long-range ground attack missions conducted during the 1982 Falklands War by Royal Air Force (RAF) Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from Nos. 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons, against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands. Five of the missions completed attacks. The objective of the missions was to attack Port Stanley Airport and its associated defences. The raids, at almost 6,600 nautical miles (12,200 km) and 16 hours for the round trip, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time. The Operation Black Buck raids were staged from RAF Ascension Island, close to the Equator. The Vulcan was designed for medium-range missions in Europe and lacked the range to fly to the Falklands without refuelling several times. The RAF's tanker planes were mostly converted Handley Page Victor bombers with similar range, so they too had to be refuelled in the air. A total of eleven tankers were required for two Vulcans (one primary and one reserve), a daunting logistical effort as all aircraft had to use the same runway. The Vulcans carried either twenty-one 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs internally or two or four Shrike anti-radar missiles externally. Of the five Black Buck raids flown to completion, three were against Stanley Airfield's runway and operational facilities, while the other two were anti-radar missions using Shrike missiles against a Westinghouse AN/TPS-43 long-range 3D radar in the Port Stanley area. Shrikes hit two of the less valuable and rapidly replaced secondary fire control radars, causing some casualties among the Argentine crews. One Vulcan was nearly lost when a fuel shortage forced it to land in Brazil. The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. A single crater was produced on the runway, rendering it impossible for the airfield to be used by fast jets. Argentine ground crew repaired the runway within twenty-four hours, to a level of quality suitable for C-130 Hercules transports. The British were aware that the runway remained in use. It has been suggested that the Black Buck raids were undertaken by the RAF because the British armed forces had been cut in the late 1970s and the RAF may have desired a greater role in the conflict to prevent further cuts.e in the conflict to prevent further cuts.
, Operation Black Buck war ein Unternehmen d … Operation Black Buck war ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges, bei der Luftangriffe von einer Basis auf der Insel Ascension über eine Entfernung von 6250 Kilometer gegen Stellungen von Argentinien auf den Falklandinseln geflogen wurden. Insgesamt wurden im Zeitraum zwischen dem 1. Mai und dem 12. Juni 1982 sieben Fernangriffe durchgeführt, bei denen jeweils zwei V-Bomber vom Typ Avro 698 Vulcan B.2 (eine Reserve) als Angriffsflugzeug und elf Handley Page HP 80 Victor K.2 (eine Reserve) zur Luftbetankung zum Einsatz kamen. Die Kapazitäten reichten aber nicht, um zwei Angriffsflugzeuge in das Zielgebiet zu führen. Die elf Tankflugzeuge begleiteten, sich gegenseitig betankend, den Bomber und flogen mit (fast) leeren Tanks zurück zur Basis, wo sie erneut betankt wurden, um rückkehrende Tanker in der Luft halten zu können. Fünf Tankflugzeuge flogen dann dem zurückkehrenden Bomber entgegen, um ihn auf dem Heimweg zu unterstützen. Während dieser Luftangriffe legte das Angriffsflugzeug teilweise mehr als 13.000 km zurück. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und längsten militärische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten.perationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten.
, La Operación Black Buck (en español, Carnero Negro) fue una serie de misiones de bombardeo de la Real Fuerza Aérea británica. Bombarderos Vulcan bombardeaban blancos argentinos en la guerra de las Malvinas despegando del Aeródromo Wideawake.
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Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 we … Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were seven extremely long-range ground attack missions conducted during the 1982 Falklands War by Royal Air Force (RAF) Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from Nos. 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons, against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands. Five of the missions completed attacks. The objective of the missions was to attack Port Stanley Airport and its associated defences. The raids, at almost 6,600 nautical miles (12,200 km) and 16 hours for the round trip, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time.ged bombing raids in history at that time.
, Operation Black Buck (uppkallad efter beso … Operation Black Buck (uppkallad efter besoarantilop) var en serie om sju planerade (varav fem genomförda) bombflygningar under Falklandskriget. Flygningarna genomfördes av brittiska flygvapnets bombflygplan av typen Avro Vulcan. Basen var ön Ascension och målet var Falklandsöarna. Uppdragen var de dittills längsta stridsflygningarna någonsin. Sträckan fram och tillbaka var 15 000 km och tog 16 timmar. tillbaka var 15 000 km och tog 16 timmar.
, La Operación Black Buck (en español, Carnero Negro) fue una serie de misiones de bombardeo de la Real Fuerza Aérea británica. Bombarderos Vulcan bombardeaban blancos argentinos en la guerra de las Malvinas despegando del Aeródromo Wideawake.
, I raid dell'operazione Black Buck, condott … I raid dell'operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del RAF, decollati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1 000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike.-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike.
, Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les opérations Black Buck 1 à Black Buck 7 furent une série de missions de bombardement à très longue distance réalisées par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les îles Malouines.
, ブラック・バック作戦（Operation Black Buck）とはイギリス・アルゼンチン間で勃発したフォークランド紛争において、1982年5月1日から6月12日にかけてフォークランド諸島で行われたアルゼンチン軍に対するイギリス軍の空襲作戦。 実施当時世界最長距離の空襲作戦であり、実施に当たっては空中給油が駆使された。期間中7回にわたって実施され、内5回が成功している。
, Operation Black Buck war ein Unternehmen d … Operation Black Buck war ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges, bei der Luftangriffe von einer Basis auf der Insel Ascension über eine Entfernung von 6250 Kilometer gegen Stellungen von Argentinien auf den Falklandinseln geflogen wurden. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und längsten militärische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten.perationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten.
, Операция «Black Buck» (с англ. — «Чёрный олень») — серия налётов Британских ВВС на аргентинские позиции в Порт-Стэнли во время Фолклендской войны.
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Operation Black Buck
, Operatie Black Buck
, Opération Black Buck
, ブラック・バック作戦
, Operazione Black Buck
, Операция Black Buck
, Operación Black Buck
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