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L'October equus (en français « cheval d'oc … L'October equus (en français « cheval d'octobre ») est le nom d’une fête religieuse célébrée en l'honneur de Mars dans la Rome antique le 15 octobre, date coïncidant avec la fin de la saison des campagnes agricole et militaire. Ce rite, où l'on sacrifiait un cheval, prenait place lors de l'une des trois courses de chevaux dédiées à Mars, les deux autres étant les Equiria célébrées les 27 février et 14 mars.uiria célébrées les 27 février et 14 mars.
, In ancient Roman religion, the October Hor … In ancient Roman religion, the October Horse (Latin Equus October) was an animal sacrifice to Mars carried out on October 15, coinciding with the end of the agricultural and military campaigning season. The rite took place during one of three horse-racing festivals held in honor of Mars, the others being the two Equirria on February 27 and March 14. Two-horse chariot races (bigae) were held in the Campus Martius, the area of Rome named for Mars, after which the right-hand horse of the winning team was transfixed by a spear, then sacrificed. The horse's head (caput) and tail (cauda) were cut off and used separately in the two subsequent parts of the ceremonies: two neighborhoods staged a fight for the right to display the head, and the freshly bloodied cauda was carried to the Regia for sprinkling the sacred hearth of Rome. Ancient references to the Equus October are scattered over more than six centuries: the earliest is that of Timaeus (3rd century BC), who linked the sacrifice to the Trojan Horse and the Romans' claim to Trojan descent, with the latest in the Calendar of Philocalus (354 AD), where it is noted as still occurring, even as Christianity was becoming the dominant religion of the Empire. Most scholars see an Etruscan influence on the early formation of the ceremonies. The October Horse is the only instance of horse sacrifice in Roman religion; the Romans typically sacrificed animals that were a normal part of their diet. The unusual ritual of the October Horse has thus been analyzed at times in light of other Indo-European forms of horse sacrifice, such as the Vedic ashvamedha and the Irish ritual described by Giraldus Cambrensis, both of which have to do with kingship. Although the ritual battle for possession of the head may preserve an element from the early period when Rome was ruled by kings, the October Horse's collocation of agriculture and war is characteristic of the Republic. The sacred topography of the rite and the role of Mars in other equestrian festivals also suggest aspects of initiation and rebirth ritual. The complex or even contradictory aspects of the October Horse probably result from overlays of traditions accumulated over time.rlays of traditions accumulated over time.
, El Caballo de octubre (latín Equus October) en la antigua religión romana consistía en un sacrificio de un caballo dedicado al dios Marte que se realizaba cada 15 de octubre, coincidiendo con el final de la temporada agrícola y militar.
, Nell'antica religione romana, il cavallo d … Nell'antica religione romana, il cavallo di ottobre (in latino October Equus) era un sacrificio animale in onore di Marte, che si celebrava il 15 ottobre, in coincidenza con la fine della stagione agricola e delle attività militari.Il rito era eseguito all'interno di una delle tre festività basate su corse di cavalli tenute in onore di Marte; le altre erano le due Equirria, che si svolgevano il 27 febbraio e il 14 marzo. Le corse dei carri a due cavalli (bigae) si svolgevano in Campo Marzio, l'area di Roma dedicata a Marte; al termine delle corse, il cavallo di destra della biga della squadra vincente era trafitto mediante una lancia, il flamine marziale, e quindi sacrificato.La testa (caput) e la coda (cauda) del cavallo erano tagliate ed asportate e utilizzate separatamente nelle due fasi successive delle cerimonie: due quartieri mettevano in scena una lotta per il diritto a mostrare la testa, mentre la cauda da poco tagliata era portata alla Regia per alimentare il fuoco sacro di Roma. Riferimenti antichi all'October Equus coprono un arco temporale di oltre sei secoli: la prima citazione è di Timeo (storico del III secolo a.C.), che collegava il sacrificio al Cavallo di Troia e alla rivendicazione dei Romani di discendere dai Troiani, mentre l'ultima si trova nel Calendario di Filocalo (354 d.C.), in cui è annotato che la festività era ancora celebrata, anche quando il Cristianesimo stava diventando la religione dominante dell'Impero romano.Parecchi studiosi riconoscono un'influenza etrusca sulla formazione iniziale delle cerimonie. Il cavallo di ottobre è l'unico esempio di sacrificio del cavallo in tutta la religione romana.Tipicamente, i Romani scarificavano animali, che erano una componente normale della loro dieta. Pertanto, il rito insolito del cavallo di ottobre è stato analizzato a volte alla luce di altre forme indoeuropee di , come nel caso del vedico ashvamedha e del rituale irlandese descritto da Giraldus Cambrensis, entrambi i quali sono in relazione con il regno. Sebbene la battaglia rituale per il possesso della testa potesse conservare un elemento del periodo iniziale della storia di Roma, quando essa era governata dai re, la collocazione della festività del cavallo di ottobre rispetto all'agricoltura e alla guerra è caratteristica della Repubblica.La topografia sacra del rito e il ruolo di Marte in altre festività equestri indicano anche aspetti di iniziazione e di rinascita rituale.Gli aspetti complessi o anche contraddittori del cavallo di ottobre probabilmente risultano dalle sovrapposizioni di tradizioni accumulatesi nel tempo.ioni di tradizioni accumulatesi nel tempo.
, De equus october ("oktoberpaard") was een … De equus october ("oktoberpaard") was een feest in het Imperium Romanum op 15 oktober (Iden) ter ere van Mars. Er werden op deze dag wedrennen gehouden met krijgspaarden (cf. Equirria). Daarop werd het rechterpaard van het winnende tweespan (d.i. het paard dat het hardst gelopen had en zich het meest had ingespannen voor de overwinning), vermoedelijk door de flamen Martialis, met een speer gedood en geofferd aan Mars. Vervolgens werden het hoofd en de staart (of misschien ook de genitaliën?) afgehakt. Wat er met het middenstuk gebeurde, is onbekend. Hierop werden er verschillende rituele handelingen uitgevoerd met het hoofd en de bloedende staart van de equus october. de bloedende staart van de equus october.
, A la religió a l'antiga Roma, el cavall d' … A la religió a l'antiga Roma, el cavall d'octubre (en llatí Equus October) era un sacrifici d'un cavall dedicat a Mart que es duia a terme el 15 d'octubre, coincidint amb el final de la temporada agrícola i militar. El ritual se celebrava durant un dels tres festivals de carreres de cavalls dedicades a Mart, mentre que les altres dues (que eren Equirria) se celebraven el 27 de febrer i el 14 de març. Les curses de carros de dos cavalls (bigae) tenien lloc al camp de Mart, l'àrea de Roma que rep el nom del déu romà de la guerra, després de les quals el cavall de la dreta de l'equip guanyador era travessat per una llança, i llavors se'l sacrificava. Es tallaven el cap del cavall (caput) i la cua (cauda) i s'utilitzaven de manera separada en les dues parts subsegüents de les cerimònies: dos barris organitzaven una lluita pel dret a exhibir el cap, i la cauda, que encara sagnava, es portava a la Règia per ruixar la sagrada llar de Roma. Existeixen referències antigues de l'Equus October durant més de sis segles: la primera és la de Timeu (segle III aC), que vinculava el sacrifici al cavall de Troia i la reivindicació dels romans a la descendència troiana. L'última es troba al Calendari Filocalus (354 dC), on es constata que encara es duia a terme, fins i tot quan el cristianisme s'estava convertint en la religió dominant de l'Imperi. La gran majoria d'acadèmics veuen influència etrusca en la formació de les cerimònies. El cavall d'octubre és l'únic exemple de sacrifici de cavalls en la religió romana; els romans acostumaven a sacrificar animals que eren una part normal de la seva dieta habitual. Per això, el ritu inusual del cavall d'octubre ha estat analitzat, de vegades, segons altres formes indoeuropees de sacrificis de cavalls, com l'ashvamedha vèdic i el ritu irlandès descrit per Giraldus Cambrensis, els quals tenen a veure amb la reialesa. Tot i que la lluita ritual per la possessió del cap podria conservar algun element de la primera època quan Roma era governada per reis, l'assignació del cavall d'octubre a l'agricultura i a la guerra és característic de la República. La topografia sagrada del ritu i el rol de Mart en altres festes eqüestres també suggereixen aspectes de rituals d'iniciació i renaixement. Els aspectes complexos, o fins i tot contradictoris, del cavall d'octubre probablement són el resultat de superposicions de tradicions que s'han acumulat al llarg del temps.ons que s'han acumulat al llarg del temps.
, Das Oktoberpferd (lat. Equus October) war … Das Oktoberpferd (lat. Equus October) war im antiken Rom ein rituelles Opfer für den Gott Mars, das an den Iden des Oktober (15. Oktober) stattfand. An diesem Tag wurden auf dem Marsfeld Wettrennen mit Zweigespannen abgehalten. (Diese Spiele zu Ehren des Kriegsgottes fanden zweimal im Jahr statt, außer im Oktober noch Anfang März). Nach den Rennen im Oktober wurde das rechte Pferd (Handpferd) des siegreichen Zweigespannes dem Gott Mars als Opfer dargebracht. Dazu wurde es, vermutlich durch den Oberpriester des Mars, den Flamen Martialis, außerhalb der rituellen Stadtgrenze, des Pomeriums, mit einem Speer getötet. Anschließend wurden Kopf und Schweif abgeschnitten. Der mit Broten umkränzte Kopf war Gegenstand eines Kampfs zwischen den Bewohnern zweier Stadtviertel, der Subura und der Via Sacra. Gewannen die Suburanenses, wurde der Pferdekopf zur Turris Mamilia gebracht, einem nicht näher bekannten Gebäude in der Subura; eroberten ihn die Sacravienses, wurde er zur Regia am Forum Romanum gebracht. Der noch blutende Schweif wurde im Laufschritt vom Marsfeld zur Regia getragen, um das Blut in die Flammen des dort brennenden Herdes tropfen zu lassen. Es wurde lange angenommen, dass die Asche dieses Herdes später von den Vestalinnen zusammengefegt wurde und zur Herstellung des suffimen diente, eines reinigenden Räucherwerks, das am Fest der Parilia Verwendung fand (oder dass das Blut selbst von den Vestalinnen zu diesem Zweck gesammelt wurde); diese Annahme wird aber von der neueren Forschung in Frage gestellt.n der neueren Forschung in Frage gestellt.
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Nell'antica religione romana, il cavallo d … Nell'antica religione romana, il cavallo di ottobre (in latino October Equus) era un sacrificio animale in onore di Marte, che si celebrava il 15 ottobre, in coincidenza con la fine della stagione agricola e delle attività militari.Il rito era eseguito all'interno di una delle tre festività basate su corse di cavalli tenute in onore di Marte; le altre erano le due Equirria, che si svolgevano il 27 febbraio e il 14 marzo.i svolgevano il 27 febbraio e il 14 marzo.
, L'October equus (en français « cheval d'oc … L'October equus (en français « cheval d'octobre ») est le nom d’une fête religieuse célébrée en l'honneur de Mars dans la Rome antique le 15 octobre, date coïncidant avec la fin de la saison des campagnes agricole et militaire. Ce rite, où l'on sacrifiait un cheval, prenait place lors de l'une des trois courses de chevaux dédiées à Mars, les deux autres étant les Equiria célébrées les 27 février et 14 mars.uiria célébrées les 27 février et 14 mars.
, Das Oktoberpferd (lat. Equus October) war … Das Oktoberpferd (lat. Equus October) war im antiken Rom ein rituelles Opfer für den Gott Mars, das an den Iden des Oktober (15. Oktober) stattfand. An diesem Tag wurden auf dem Marsfeld Wettrennen mit Zweigespannen abgehalten. (Diese Spiele zu Ehren des Kriegsgottes fanden zweimal im Jahr statt, außer im Oktober noch Anfang März). Nach den Rennen im Oktober wurde das rechte Pferd (Handpferd) des siegreichen Zweigespannes dem Gott Mars als Opfer dargebracht. Dazu wurde es, vermutlich durch den Oberpriester des Mars, den Flamen Martialis, außerhalb der rituellen Stadtgrenze, des Pomeriums, mit einem Speer getötet. Anschließend wurden Kopf und Schweif abgeschnitten. Der mit Broten umkränzte Kopf war Gegenstand eines Kampfs zwischen den Bewohnern zweier Stadtviertel, der Subura und der Via Saer Stadtviertel, der Subura und der Via Sa
, De equus october ("oktoberpaard") was een … De equus october ("oktoberpaard") was een feest in het Imperium Romanum op 15 oktober (Iden) ter ere van Mars. Er werden op deze dag wedrennen gehouden met krijgspaarden (cf. Equirria). Daarop werd het rechterpaard van het winnende tweespan (d.i. het paard dat het hardst gelopen had en zich het meest had ingespannen voor de overwinning), vermoedelijk door de flamen Martialis, met een speer gedood en geofferd aan Mars.met een speer gedood en geofferd aan Mars.
, El Caballo de octubre (latín Equus October) en la antigua religión romana consistía en un sacrificio de un caballo dedicado al dios Marte que se realizaba cada 15 de octubre, coincidiendo con el final de la temporada agrícola y militar.
, In ancient Roman religion, the October Hor … In ancient Roman religion, the October Horse (Latin Equus October) was an animal sacrifice to Mars carried out on October 15, coinciding with the end of the agricultural and military campaigning season. The rite took place during one of three horse-racing festivals held in honor of Mars, the others being the two Equirria on February 27 and March 14. two Equirria on February 27 and March 14.
, A la religió a l'antiga Roma, el cavall d' … A la religió a l'antiga Roma, el cavall d'octubre (en llatí Equus October) era un sacrifici d'un cavall dedicat a Mart que es duia a terme el 15 d'octubre, coincidint amb el final de la temporada agrícola i militar. El ritual se celebrava durant un dels tres festivals de carreres de cavalls dedicades a Mart, mentre que les altres dues (que eren Equirria) se celebraven el 27 de febrer i el 14 de març.elebraven el 27 de febrer i el 14 de març.
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October Equus
, Equus October
, October Horse
, October equus
, Oktoberpferd
, Equus october
, Caballo de octubre
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