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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract A Norwegian coupling (or meat chopper) or A Norwegian coupling (or meat chopper) or claw hammer coupling or pickaxe coupling is a manual coupling consisting of a central buffer with a mechanical hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer. The system is only found on narrow gauge railways of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) or less, such as Western Australian Government Railways, the Ffestiniog Railway and the Welsh Highland Railway, where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. Norwegian couplings are not particularly strong, and may be supplemented by auxiliary chains. Not all Norwegian couplings are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at a time. The Norwegian coupling was developed in Norway around 1870, when the main domestic railway net was built to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge. Later, during the 20th century, these lines were rebuilt into 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge or closed. This meant that the rolling stock needed to be replaced, and buffers and chain coupler got used instead. Only museum railways, such as the Setesdal Line and Urskog–Høland Line, use it in Norway nowadays. The New Zealand Government Railways, during the 1970s, developed an extremely large and heavy-duty version of the chopper coupler. These were first applied to a fleet of General Electric locomotives (U26C class DX), which had arrived from the United States with Janney couplers. However, they were converted once it was decided that these locomotives would operate on other than just the North Island Main Trunk express freight trains. On railway lines where rolling stock always points the same way, the mechanical hook may be provided only on one end of each wagon. This was the situation on the Lynton & Barnstaple (L&B), a narrow gauge line in Devon, England, and still applies to railways in New Zealand and on the Isle of Man Railway. Similarly, the hand brake handles may also be on one side of the wagons only. The L&B originally used side chains in conjunction with Norwegian couplers, but these were found to be unnecessary with the slow speeds employed (15–25 km/h or 9–16 mph) and were removed within a year or so of the line opening in 1898. The Isle of Man Railway still couples its side chains in operation today. Kenyan railways, Uganda Railways, Tanzanian Railways and Mountain Railways of India also use the Norwegian coupler. Former Staatsspoorwegen (today Indonesian Railway Company) in the Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia) used Norwegian coupler for their 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) rolling stocks. The Pichi Richi Railway in South Australia uses Norwegian couplers as its standard, and converts Janney coupler to Norwegian as required. The slot in the "buffer beam" where the coupler protrudes appears to be about the same for both types of couplers. As a museum, it is appropriate to use the older type of coupling.opriate to use the older type of coupling. , L'aggancio norvegese, più noto come NorwegL'aggancio norvegese, più noto come Norwegian coupling, è un particolare tipo di gancio di trazione che consiste di un piccolo respingente centrale, posto sulle traverse di testa dei veicoli ferroviari, che incorpora un gancio ad esso incernierato che, abbassato, si inserisce nella sede apposita del respingente corrispondente del veicolo da accoppiare . Il "Norwegian coupling" venne ideato da , ingegnere norvegese, intorno al 1870; Pihl, che propugnò l'uso dello scartamento 1067 mm (3' 6'') per molte linee della Norvegia e influenzò la scelta dello stesso in molti paesi del mondo e perfino in Giappone. Il sistema di aggancio venne ideato per risolvere il problema creato dalle curve strette, tipiche dello scartamento ridotto, al classico sistema respingente-gancio e vite: se troppo sollecitato, in curva, il respingente poteva accavallarsi all'altro o rompere il gancio a maglia; riunire in un "unicum" gancio e respingente riduceva al minimo anche tale possibilitàpermettendo una più sicura iscrizione nelle curve di stretto raggio. Il sistema trovò un impiego limitato alle ferrovie a scartamento ridotto da 3' 6'' (1067 mm) o minore e soprattutto per ferrovie caratterizzate da basse velocità e treni di massa limitata quali, la , la Ffestiniog Railway e la Welsh Highland Railway. Tale tipo di accoppiamento dei rotabili, infatti, non è molto resistente perché di piccola massa ed ha la tendenza a sganciarsi se troppo sollecitato; per evitarne lo sganciamento a volte viene integrato da ulteriori dispositivi, non sempre compatibili l'un l'altro quanto a dimensioni e misura. In Portogallo venne adottato dalla Companhia do Caminho de Ferro de Guimarães per la sua linea a scartamento metrico. Durante il XX secolo, in Norvegia, le linee a scartamento ridotto vennero chiuse o riconvertite a scartamento normale; rimasero ad usare il sistema "norvegese" solo le due ferrovie museo, della Setesdal e la . Sulle linee nelle quali i convogli hanno una composizione bloccata il dispositivo di aggancio è montato solo da un lato; in tale situazione si trovano la (L&B), ferrovia a scartamento ridotto del Devon, in Inghilterra, le ferrovie della Nuova Zelanda e la . Usano l'accoppiamento norvegese le ferrovie del , dell', della e la ferrovia turistica , in India. Le nel corso degli anni settanta svilupparono una versione più larga e robusta di tali dispositivi che vennero installati al gruppo di locomotive General Electric tipo che erano giunte dagli Stati Uniti d'America con il montato di serie. L'operazione venne decisa quando le locomotive furono assegnate alla trazione esclusiva dei treni merci veloci della . La , in Australia, usa l'accoppiatore norvegese quale standard e il tipo Janney quando occorre; l'alloggiamento sulla traversa dei rotabili prevede la possibilità di montare a scelta ciascuno dei due.lità di montare a scelta ciascuno dei due.
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rdfs:comment A Norwegian coupling (or meat chopper) or A Norwegian coupling (or meat chopper) or claw hammer coupling or pickaxe coupling is a manual coupling consisting of a central buffer with a mechanical hook that drops into a slot in the central buffer. The system is only found on narrow gauge railways of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) or less, such as Western Australian Government Railways, the Ffestiniog Railway and the Welsh Highland Railway, where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. Norwegian couplings are not particularly strong, and may be supplemented by auxiliary chains. Not all Norwegian couplings are compatible with one another as they vary in height and width, and may or may not be limited to one hook at a time. may not be limited to one hook at a time. , L'aggancio norvegese, più noto come NorwegL'aggancio norvegese, più noto come Norwegian coupling, è un particolare tipo di gancio di trazione che consiste di un piccolo respingente centrale, posto sulle traverse di testa dei veicoli ferroviari, che incorpora un gancio ad esso incernierato che, abbassato, si inserisce nella sede apposita del respingente corrispondente del veicolo da accoppiare . Durante il XX secolo, in Norvegia, le linee a scartamento ridotto vennero chiuse o riconvertite a scartamento normale; rimasero ad usare il sistema "norvegese" solo le due ferrovie museo, della Setesdal e la . due ferrovie museo, della Setesdal e la .
rdfs:label Norwegian coupling , Aggancio norvegese
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