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A non-neutral plasma is a plasma whose net … A non-neutral plasma is a plasma whose net charge creates an electric field large enough to play an important or even dominant role in the plasma dynamics. The simplest non-neutral plasmas are plasmas consisting of a single charge species. Examples of single species non-neutral plasmas that have been created in laboratory experiments are plasmas consisting entirely of electrons, pure ion plasmas, positron plasmas, and antiproton plasmas. Non-neutral plasmas are used for research into basic plasma phenomena such as cross-magnetic field transport, nonlinear vortex interactions, and plasma waves and instabilities. They have also been used to create cold neutral antimatter, by carefully mixing and recombining cryogenic pure positron and pure antiproton plasmas. Positron plasmas are also used in atomic physics experiments that study the interaction of antimatter with neutral atoms and molecules. Cryogenic pure ion plasmas have been used in studies of strongly coupled plasmas and quantum entanglement. More prosaically, pure electron plasmas are used to produce the microwaves in microwave ovens, via the magnetron instability. Neutral plasmas in contact with a solid surface (that is, most laboratory plasmas) are typically non-neutral in their edge regions. Due to unequal loss rates to the surface for electrons and ions, an electric field (the "ambipolar field" ) builds up, acting to hold back the more mobile species until the loss rates are the same. The electrostatic potential (as measured in electron-volts) required to produce this electric field depends on many variables but is often on the order of the electron temperature. Non-neutral plasmas for which all species have the same sign of charge have exceptional confinement properties compared to neutral plasmas. They can be confined in a thermal equilibrium state using only static electric and magnetic fields, in a Penning trap configuration (see Fig. 1). Confinement times of up to several hours have been achieved. Using the "rotating wall" method, the plasma confinement time can be increased arbitrarily. Such non-neutral plasmas can also access novel states of matter. For instance, they can be cooled to cryogenic temperatures without recombination (since there is no oppositely charged species with which to recombine). If the temperature is sufficiently low (typically on the order of 10 mK), the plasma can become a non-neutral liquid or a crystal. The body-centered-cubic structure of these plasma crystals has been observed by Bragg scattering in experiments on laser-cooled pure beryllium plasmas.ts on laser-cooled pure beryllium plasmas.
, 非中性電漿是總電荷數不為零的電漿，在電漿動力學中由非中性電荷所產生的電場扮演了重要甚至是主要的角色。 最單純的非中性電漿是只有一種帶電粒子所組成的電漿，從實驗室中製造出來的例子有：純電子電漿、純離子電漿、陽電子電漿與反質子電漿。 電子、離子、正電子和反質子這類的帶電粒子集團因其集體式運動和電漿相似，被稱作非中性電漿。這類非中性電漿不會因溫度下降而發生如離子與電子相互結合這類的情況，所以可以製出低溫電漿。
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非中性電漿是總電荷數不為零的電漿，在電漿動力學中由非中性電荷所產生的電場扮演了重要甚至是主要的角色。 最單純的非中性電漿是只有一種帶電粒子所組成的電漿，從實驗室中製造出來的例子有：純電子電漿、純離子電漿、陽電子電漿與反質子電漿。 電子、離子、正電子和反質子這類的帶電粒子集團因其集體式運動和電漿相似，被稱作非中性電漿。這類非中性電漿不會因溫度下降而發生如離子與電子相互結合這類的情況，所以可以製出低溫電漿。
, A non-neutral plasma is a plasma whose net … A non-neutral plasma is a plasma whose net charge creates an electric field large enough to play an important or even dominant role in the plasma dynamics. The simplest non-neutral plasmas are plasmas consisting of a single charge species. Examples of single species non-neutral plasmas that have been created in laboratory experiments are plasmas consisting entirely of electrons, pure ion plasmas, positron plasmas, and antiproton plasmas. positron plasmas, and antiproton plasmas.
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Non-neutral plasmas
, 非中性電漿
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