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Com o nome de The Macy Conferences, aconte … Com o nome de The Macy Conferences, aconteceu, entre os anos 1946 e 1953, uma série de dez conferências interdisciplinares que levou à fundação do que hoje conhecemos como cibernética. Sob os auspícios da Josiah Macy Foundation, uma organização filantrópica dedicada a problemas do sistema nervoso, foi promovido o encontro de importantes cientistas da época em um vasto leque de áreas para discutir causalidade circular e feedback em sistemas biológicos e sociais - Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems. A presença de diversas áreas de especialização em um mesmo grupo de estudos resultou em uma certa dificuldade inicial de comunicação entre os participantes; mas progressivamente deu lugar a uma linguagem comum, suficientemente forte para permitir o entendimento em todos os seus meandros. Os cientistas que participaram de todas as conferências, ou da maioria delas, são considerados como o núcleo do grupo, que inclui:
* Arturo Rosenblueth (fisiologista)
* Gregory Bateson (antropólogo)
* Heinz von Foerster (biofísico)
* John von Neumann (matemático)
* Julian Bigelow (engenheiro eletrônico)
* Kurt Lewin (psicólogo)
* (psiquiatra)
* (sociólogo)
* Leonard Jimmie Savage (matemático)
* Margaret Mead (antropóloga)
* (psicólogo)
* Norbert Wiener (matemático)
* Paul Lazarsfeld (sociólogo)
* (neurofisiologista)
* Walter Pitts (matemático)
* Warren McCulloch (psiquiatra)
* William Ross Ashby (psiquiatra) Além deste núcleo, vários outros convidados participaram das conferências. Entre eles:
* Claude Shannon (teórico da informação)
* Erik Erikson (psicólogo)
* Max Delbrück (geneticista e biofísico)
* Max Delbrück (geneticista e biofísico)
, Las Conferencias Macy fueron una serie de … Las Conferencias Macy fueron una serie de reuniones de estudiosos de diversas disciplinas, celebradas en Nueva York por iniciativa de Warren McCulloch y la de 1946 a 1953. El objetivo principal de esta serie de conferencias fue establecer las bases de una ciencia general del funcionamiento de la mente humana. Fue uno de los primeros estudios organizados de la interdisciplinariedad, generando grandes avances en la teoría de sistemas, la cibernética , y lo que más tarde sería conocido como ciencia cognitiva.rde sería conocido como ciencia cognitiva.
, Als Macy Conferences (Macy-Konferenzen) we … Als Macy Conferences (Macy-Konferenzen) werden zehn interdisziplinäre Konferenzen bezeichnet, die zwischen 1946 und 1953 in den USA stattfanden. Sie wurden unter der Schirmherrschaft der Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation (Macy-Stiftung) federführend von Warren McCulloch, einem amerikanischen Neurophysiologen, organisiert. Sie gelten als wichtiger Abschnitt der Kybernetik-Forschung.htiger Abschnitt der Kybernetik-Forschung.
, The Macy conferences were a set of meeting … The Macy conferences were a set of meetings of scholars from various academic disciplines held in New York under the direction of Frank Fremont-Smith at the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation starting in 1941 and ending in 1960. The explicit aim of the conferences was to promote meaningful communication across scientific disciplines, and restore unity to science. There were different sets of conferences designed to cover specific topics, for a total of 160 conferences over the 19 years this program was active; the phrase "Macy conference" does not apply only to those on cybernetics, although it is sometimes used that way informally by those familiar only with that set of events. Disciplinary isolation within medicine was viewed as particularly problematic by the Macy Foundation, and given that their mandate was to aid medical research, they decided to do something about it. Thus other topics covered in different sets of conferences included: aging, adrenal cortex, biological antioxidants, blood clotting, blood pressure, connective tissues, infancy and childhood, liver injury, metabolic interrelations, nerve impulse, problems of consciousness, and renal function.lems of consciousness, and renal function.
, Les conférences Macy, organisées à New Yor … Les conférences Macy, organisées à New York par la fondation Macy à l'initiative du neurologue Warren McCulloch, réunirent à intervalles réguliers, de 1942 à 1953, un groupe interdisciplinaire de mathématiciens, logiciens, anthropologues, psychologues et économistes qui s'étaient donné pour objectif d'édifier une science générale du fonctionnement de l'esprit. Elles furent notamment à l'origine du courant cybernétique, des sciences cognitives et des sciences de l'information. Jean-Pierre Dupuy distingue deux groupes principaux parmi les participants aux conférences. D'un côté les membres du mouvement « personnalité et culture », tels Margaret Mead, Lawrence Kubie, Lawrence Frank ou Frank Fremont-Smith qui souhaitent instaurer une réciprocité entre les sciences mathématiques et physiques et les sciences psychologiques établies (la psychanalyse, la psychologie du développement ou la gestalt). De l'autre, les « cybernéticiens », tels Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch ou Arturo Rosenblueth qui, au contraire, mênent un combat contre les sciences psychologiques établies au nom des sciences mathématiques et physiques.m des sciences mathématiques et physiques.
, Les Conferències Macy van ser una sèrie de … Les Conferències Macy van ser una sèrie de reunions d'estudiosos de diverses disciplines, celebrades a Nova York per la iniciativa de i la de 1946 a 1953. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta sèrie de conferències és establir les bases d'una ciència general del funcionament de la ment humana. Va ser un dels primers estudis organitzada d'interdisciplinarietat i generà grans avenços en la teoria de sistemes, la cibernètica, i el que més tard es va conèixer com la ciència cognitiva.d es va conèixer com la ciència cognitiva.
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Les conférences Macy, organisées à New Yor … Les conférences Macy, organisées à New York par la fondation Macy à l'initiative du neurologue Warren McCulloch, réunirent à intervalles réguliers, de 1942 à 1953, un groupe interdisciplinaire de mathématiciens, logiciens, anthropologues, psychologues et économistes qui s'étaient donné pour objectif d'édifier une science générale du fonctionnement de l'esprit. Elles furent notamment à l'origine du courant cybernétique, des sciences cognitives et des sciences de l'information.gnitives et des sciences de l'information.
, Als Macy Conferences (Macy-Konferenzen) we … Als Macy Conferences (Macy-Konferenzen) werden zehn interdisziplinäre Konferenzen bezeichnet, die zwischen 1946 und 1953 in den USA stattfanden. Sie wurden unter der Schirmherrschaft der Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation (Macy-Stiftung) federführend von Warren McCulloch, einem amerikanischen Neurophysiologen, organisiert. Sie gelten als wichtiger Abschnitt der Kybernetik-Forschung.htiger Abschnitt der Kybernetik-Forschung.
, Com o nome de The Macy Conferences, aconte … Com o nome de The Macy Conferences, aconteceu, entre os anos 1946 e 1953, uma série de dez conferências interdisciplinares que levou à fundação do que hoje conhecemos como cibernética. Sob os auspícios da Josiah Macy Foundation, uma organização filantrópica dedicada a problemas do sistema nervoso, foi promovido o encontro de importantes cientistas da época em um vasto leque de áreas para discutir causalidade circular e feedback em sistemas biológicos e sociais - Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems. A presença de diversas áreas de especialização em um mesmo grupo de estudos resultou em uma certa dificuldade inicial de comunicação entre os participantes; mas progressivamente deu lugar a uma linguagem comum, suficientemente forte para permitir o entendimenentemente forte para permitir o entendimen
, The Macy conferences were a set of meeting … The Macy conferences were a set of meetings of scholars from various academic disciplines held in New York under the direction of Frank Fremont-Smith at the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation starting in 1941 and ending in 1960. The explicit aim of the conferences was to promote meaningful communication across scientific disciplines, and restore unity to science. There were different sets of conferences designed to cover specific topics, for a total of 160 conferences over the 19 years this program was active; the phrase "Macy conference" does not apply only to those on cybernetics, although it is sometimes used that way informally by those familiar only with that set of events. Disciplinary isolation within medicine was viewed as particularly problematic by the Macy Foundation, and given that theby the Macy Foundation, and given that the
, Las Conferencias Macy fueron una serie de … Las Conferencias Macy fueron una serie de reuniones de estudiosos de diversas disciplinas, celebradas en Nueva York por iniciativa de Warren McCulloch y la de 1946 a 1953. El objetivo principal de esta serie de conferencias fue establecer las bases de una ciencia general del funcionamiento de la mente humana. Fue uno de los primeros estudios organizados de la interdisciplinariedad, generando grandes avances en la teoría de sistemas, la cibernética , y lo que más tarde sería conocido como ciencia cognitiva.rde sería conocido como ciencia cognitiva.
, Les Conferències Macy van ser una sèrie de … Les Conferències Macy van ser una sèrie de reunions d'estudiosos de diverses disciplines, celebrades a Nova York per la iniciativa de i la de 1946 a 1953. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta sèrie de conferències és establir les bases d'una ciència general del funcionament de la ment humana. Va ser un dels primers estudis organitzada d'interdisciplinarietat i generà grans avenços en la teoria de sistemes, la cibernètica, i el que més tard es va conèixer com la ciència cognitiva.d es va conèixer com la ciència cognitiva.
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, Macy conferences
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, Conférences Macy
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