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Le Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) … Le Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) était un satellite artificiel de la NASA qui avait pour objectif d'exposer au vide spatial pendant une longue durée plusieurs expériences, pour être ensuite récupéré et ramené sur Terre. Il a été lancé et récupéré par la navette spatiale américaine dans les années 1980 et est resté en orbite plus de cinq ans et demi. resté en orbite plus de cinq ans et demi.
, Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) – b … Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) – był kosmicznym eksperymentem naukowym NASA, w kształcie cylindra wielkości autobusu, jego celem było wystawienie na działanie przestrzeni kosmicznej rozmaitych próbek materiałów. Eksperyment trwał ponad pięć i pół roku i okrążył w tym czasie Ziemię 32 422 razy.i okrążył w tym czasie Ziemię 32 422 razy.
, LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) fue … LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) fue un satélite artificial recuperable de la NASA, lanzado mediante el transbordador espacial Challenger el 6 de abril de 1984, durante la misión STS-41-C. La misión de LDEF consistía en recoger datos a largo plazo sobre el entorno espacial, incluyendo los micrometeoritos, y su efecto en la degradación de diversos materiales y sistemas de satélite (energía, propulsión, óptica...). Portaba 57 experimentos montados en 86 bandejas, con la participación de más de 200 investigadores de 33 compañías privadas, 21 universidades, 7 centros de la NASA, 9 laboratorios del Departamento de Defensa y 8 países extranjeros. LDEF fue soltado desde la bodega de carga del transbordador Challenger durante abril de 1984 para una misión de un año de duración, tras la cual el satélite sería recogido por otro transbordador. La recuperación fue pospuesta temporalmente en marzo de 1985, y más tarde indefinidamente tras la pérdida del Challenger. Finalmente fue recuperado y devuelto a tierra en enero de 1990 por el transbordador Columbia durante la misión . En el momento de la recuperación tan sólo faltaba un mes para que LDEF reentrase en la atmósfera debido a la fricción atmosférica. Muchos de los experimentos devolvieron datos más valiosos debido a la extensión de la estancia en órbita. Tras el aterrizaje los experimentos fueron enviados a sus correspondientes investigadores para su estudio y análisis. La nave tenía forma de cilindro de doce caras y estaba construido en aluminio, acero y titanio, y se estabilizaba mediante gradiente gravitatorio. No llevaba sistemas de propulsión, alimentación ni posicionamiento.opulsión, alimentación ni posicionamiento.
, NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or … NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or LDEF (pronounced "eldef"), was a school bus-sized cylindrical facility designed to provide long-term experimental data on the outer space environment and its effects on space systems, materials, operations and selected spores' survival. It was placed in low Earth orbit by Space Shuttle Challenger in April 1984. The original plan called for the LDEF to be retrieved in March 1985, but after a series of delays it was eventually returned to Earth by Columbia in January 1990. It successfully carried science and technology experiments for about 5.7 years that have revealed a broad and detailed collection of space environmental data. LDEF's 69 months in space provided scientific data on the long-term effects of space exposure on materials, components and systems that has benefited NASA spacecraft designers to this day.ted NASA spacecraft designers to this day.
, O Long Duration Exposure Facility, ou some … O Long Duration Exposure Facility, ou somente LDEF; também podendo ser interpretado como Aparelho de Longa Duração à Exposição é um conjunto de 57 experiências da NASA colocadas na órbita da Terra para estudar os efeitos da exposição de uma espaçonave ao ambiente espacial. Posto em órbita em 7 de abril de 1984 pela STS-41-C Challenger, seu recolhimento estava previsto para o ano seguinte. Contudo, os diversos atrasos no programa do ônibus espacial, fizeram com que a recuperação do aparelho ocorresse somente em janeiro de 1990.elho ocorresse somente em janeiro de 1990.
, Il Long Duration Exposure Facility, o LDEF … Il Long Duration Exposure Facility, o LDEF, è stato un satellite di forma cilindrica e dalle dimensioni di uno scuolabus, progettato e realizzato per fornire dati sperimentali sull'ambiente spaziale e sui suoi effetti sui sistemi spaziali, sui materiali impiegati nella costruzione di questi ultimi, sulle operazioni da essi svolte e sulla sopravvivenza di alcuni tipi di spore. Il satellite fu posto in un'orbita terrestre bassa dallo Space Shuttle Challenger nel corso della missione STS-41-C, nell'aprile del 1984. Il piano di volo originario del LDEF prevedeva che esso fosse recuperato nel marzo 1985 ma, dopo una serie di ritardi, esso fu riportato sulla Terra solo nel gennaio 1990 dallo Space Shuttle Columbia, nel corso della missione STS-32. Il satellite effettuò esperimenti scientifici e tecnologici per più di cinque anni e mezzo, fornendo un'ampia e dettagliata raccolta di dati sull'ambiente spaziale. I 69 mesi di permanenza nello spazio del LDEF fornirono dati sperimentali sugli effetti a lungo termine dell'esposizione all'ambiente spaziale di materiali, componenti e sistemi, di cui i progettisti di navette spaziali della NASA beneficiano ancora oggi.aziali della NASA beneficiano ancora oggi.
, Die Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) … Die Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) war ein Satellit, der als Träger für technische und naturwissenschaftliche Experimente im Weltraum diente. Er kam nur ein einziges Mal zum Einsatz. LDEF bestand aus einer zylindrischen Aluminiumstruktur, an deren Außenseiten 86 Experimententräger angebracht waren: Zwölf Reihen zu je sechs Einheiten befanden sich im Mantel und je sieben an den beiden Enden. Der Satellit hatte eine Länge von 9,20 Meter und einen Durchmesser von 4,29 Meter. Die Struktur hatte eine Masse von 3,6 Tonnen; voll bestückt lag sie bei 9,7 Tonnen. Am 6. April 1984 startete die Raumfähre Challenger mit der Mission STS-41-C und brachte die Forschungsplattform LDEF in eine fast kreisförmige Erdumlaufbahn mit 477 km Bahnhöhe. Die Lage im Orbit war in der Weise stabilisiert, dass die Längsachse von LDEF zum Erdmittelpunkt ausgerichtet war. Ursprünglich sollte LDEF nach zehn Monaten mit der Mission STS-51-D im Februar 1985 geborgen werden. Durch Terminverschiebungen des Space-Shuttle-Programms rückte der Bergungstermin in das Jahr 1986. Durch die Katastrophe der Challenger (STS-51-L) am 28. Januar 1986 wurde das unmöglich. Das Shuttle-Programm war für über zwei Jahre unterbrochen. Die Plattform konnte erst im Januar 1990 nach fast sechs Jahren Flug mit der Mission STS-32 geborgen werden. Die Bahnhöhe war inzwischen auf 335 km gesunken und LDEF wäre wohl im folgenden Monat in die Erdatmosphäre eingetreten. Die Columbia näherte sich LDEF dabei auf einer Flugbahn, die die Experimente möglichst wenig kontaminieren konnte. LDEF blieb nach dem Einfangen noch für viereinhalb Stunden am Robotarm, um Bilder von allen Experimententrägern zu machen. Am 20. Januar landete die Columbia auf der Edwards Air Force Base und wurde sechs Tage später huckepack auf dem Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (mit LDEF in der Ladebucht) zum Kennedy Space Center transportiert. Die Untersuchung des Satelliten brachte unter anderem sehr viel Informationen über Weltraummüll und Mikrometeoriten.nen über Weltraummüll und Mikrometeoriten.
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Le Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) … Le Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) était un satellite artificiel de la NASA qui avait pour objectif d'exposer au vide spatial pendant une longue durée plusieurs expériences, pour être ensuite récupéré et ramené sur Terre. Il a été lancé et récupéré par la navette spatiale américaine dans les années 1980 et est resté en orbite plus de cinq ans et demi. resté en orbite plus de cinq ans et demi.
, NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or … NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or LDEF (pronounced "eldef"), was a school bus-sized cylindrical facility designed to provide long-term experimental data on the outer space environment and its effects on space systems, materials, operations and selected spores' survival. It was placed in low Earth orbit by Space Shuttle Challenger in April 1984. The original plan called for the LDEF to be retrieved in March 1985, but after a series of delays it was eventually returned to Earth by Columbia in January 1990.rned to Earth by Columbia in January 1990.
, LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) fue … LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) fue un satélite artificial recuperable de la NASA, lanzado mediante el transbordador espacial Challenger el 6 de abril de 1984, durante la misión STS-41-C. La misión de LDEF consistía en recoger datos a largo plazo sobre el entorno espacial, incluyendo los micrometeoritos, y su efecto en la degradación de diversos materiales y sistemas de satélite (energía, propulsión, óptica...). Portaba 57 experimentos montados en 86 bandejas, con la participación de más de 200 investigadores de 33 compañías privadas, 21 universidades, 7 centros de la NASA, 9 laboratorios del Departamento de Defensa y 8 países extranjeros.tamento de Defensa y 8 países extranjeros.
, Die Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) … Die Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) war ein Satellit, der als Träger für technische und naturwissenschaftliche Experimente im Weltraum diente. Er kam nur ein einziges Mal zum Einsatz. LDEF bestand aus einer zylindrischen Aluminiumstruktur, an deren Außenseiten 86 Experimententräger angebracht waren: Zwölf Reihen zu je sechs Einheiten befanden sich im Mantel und je sieben an den beiden Enden. Der Satellit hatte eine Länge von 9,20 Meter und einen Durchmesser von 4,29 Meter. Die Struktur hatte eine Masse von 3,6 Tonnen; voll bestückt lag sie bei 9,7 Tonnen.nen; voll bestückt lag sie bei 9,7 Tonnen.
, Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) – b … Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) – był kosmicznym eksperymentem naukowym NASA, w kształcie cylindra wielkości autobusu, jego celem było wystawienie na działanie przestrzeni kosmicznej rozmaitych próbek materiałów. Eksperyment trwał ponad pięć i pół roku i okrążył w tym czasie Ziemię 32 422 razy.i okrążył w tym czasie Ziemię 32 422 razy.
, O Long Duration Exposure Facility, ou some … O Long Duration Exposure Facility, ou somente LDEF; também podendo ser interpretado como Aparelho de Longa Duração à Exposição é um conjunto de 57 experiências da NASA colocadas na órbita da Terra para estudar os efeitos da exposição de uma espaçonave ao ambiente espacial. Posto em órbita em 7 de abril de 1984 pela STS-41-C Challenger, seu recolhimento estava previsto para o ano seguinte. Contudo, os diversos atrasos no programa do ônibus espacial, fizeram com que a recuperação do aparelho ocorresse somente em janeiro de 1990.elho ocorresse somente em janeiro de 1990.
, Il Long Duration Exposure Facility, o LDEF … Il Long Duration Exposure Facility, o LDEF, è stato un satellite di forma cilindrica e dalle dimensioni di uno scuolabus, progettato e realizzato per fornire dati sperimentali sull'ambiente spaziale e sui suoi effetti sui sistemi spaziali, sui materiali impiegati nella costruzione di questi ultimi, sulle operazioni da essi svolte e sulla sopravvivenza di alcuni tipi di spore. Il satellite fu posto in un'orbita terrestre bassa dallo Space Shuttle Challenger nel corso della missione STS-41-C, nell'aprile del 1984. Il piano di volo originario del LDEF prevedeva che esso fosse recuperato nel marzo 1985 ma, dopo una serie di ritardi, esso fu riportato sulla Terra solo nel gennaio 1990 dallo Space Shuttle Columbia, nel corso della missione STS-32.Columbia, nel corso della missione STS-32.
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Long Duration Exposure Facility
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