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Between the 1890s and 1940s, the Imperial … Between the 1890s and 1940s, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) built a series of battleships as it expanded its fleet. Previously, the Empire of Japan had acquired a few ironclad warships from foreign builders, although it had adopted the Jeune École naval doctrine which emphasized cheap torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive, heavily armored ships. To counter the Imperial Chinese Beiyang Fleet in the early 1890s, however, Japan ordered two Fuji-class battleships from Great Britain as Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own vessels. Combat experience in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the IJN that its doctrine was untenable, leading to a ten-year naval construction program that called for a total of six battleships and six armored cruisers (the Six-Six Fleet). The two ships of the Shikishima class and the battleships Asahi and Mikasa were also purchased from Great Britain. Aware that they could not outbuild the Americans or British, the IJN decided that their ships would always be qualitatively superior to offset their quantitative inferiority. To counter reinforcement of the Russian Empire's Pacific Squadron as tensions rose between the Russians and the Japanese over control of Korea and Manchuria in the early 1900s, Japan ordered the two battleships of the Katori class in 1903, the last battleships ordered from abroad. To preempt further reinforcements before their own ships were completed, they began the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 with a surprise attack on the Russian base at Port Arthur. Shortly after the war began, the IJN ordered the two ships of the Satsuma class, the first battleships to be built in Japan. The Imperial Japanese Army captured Port Arthur, along with the surviving ships of the Pacific Squadron by the end of the year. The Russians had dispatched the bulk of their Baltic Fleet to relieve Port Arthur, which reached the Korea Strait in May 1905 and was virtually annihilated by the IJN in the Battle of Tsushima. During the war, Japan captured a total of five Russian pre-dreadnought battleships. They were repaired and commissioned into the Japanese fleet, two of which were later sold back to Russia during World War I, as the two countries were by then allies. The magnitude of the victory at Tsushima caused the leadership of the IJN to believe that a surface engagement between the main fleets was the only decisive battle in modern warfare and would be decided by battleships armed with the largest guns. After the war, the Japanese Empire immediately turned its focus to the two remaining rivals for imperial dominance in the Pacific Ocean, Britain and the United States, believing that conflict would inevitably arise between Japan and at least one of its two main rivals. Accordingly, the 1907 Imperial Defense Policy called for the construction of a battle fleet of eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers. This was the genesis of the Eight-Eight Fleet Program, the development of a cohesive battle line of sixteen capital ships. The launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 and the battlecruiser Invincible the following year by the Royal Navy raised the stakes and complicated Japan's plans as they rendered all existing battleships and armored cruisers obsolete, forcing Japan to restart the Eight-Eight plan with dreadnought battleships and battlecruisers. This began with the Kawachi class in 1907, followed by the Fusō and Ise classes in the 1910s. Japan ordered its seventh and eighth dreadnoughts with the Nagato class in 1916 and 1917. In 1919, American President Woodrow Wilson announced the resumption of the 1916 naval construction program and the Japanese ordered eight fast battleships of the Kii and Number 13 classes in response. The prospect of a new massively expensive arms race between the United States, Britain and Japan after the war caused the three powers to agree to the Washington Naval Treaty which limited Japan to a ratio of 3:5:5 in battleship tonnage to the United States and Britain. The treaty forced the IJN to dispose of all of its pre-dreadnoughts and the oldest dreadnoughts; the ships then under construction had to be broken up or sunk as targets. Furthermore, the treaty mandated a building holiday that barred the construction of new battleships for ten years. During this period, opponents of the Washington Naval Treaty and its successors had taken control of the upper echelons of the IJN and rebuilt the Kongō-class battlecruisers into fast battleships and modernized the existing ships. Coupled with the growth of ultranationalism and dominance of the government by the military, the government decided to withdraw from the treaty regime when it expired in 1936. Planning by the Navy General Staff for the post-treaty era began in 1934 and included five large battleships armed with nine 460 mm (18.1 in) guns; these ships became the Yamato class. While the Yamatos were under construction in the late 1930s, the IJN began designing a successor class, the Design A-150 armed with 51 cm (20.1 in) guns, but never laid any down as they prepared for war and other ships had higher priority.r war and other ships had higher priority.
, Seznam japonských bitevních lodí zahrnuje bitevní lodě postavené pro japonské císařské námořnictvo. Za lodě stavěné v sérii je uvedena celá třída.
, A Marinha Imperial Japonesa construiu uma … A Marinha Imperial Japonesa construiu uma série de couraçados entre as décadas de 1890 e 1940. O Império do Japão anteriormente tinha adquirido alguns ironclads de estaleiros estrangeiros, mesmo tendo adotado a doutrina naval da Jeune École que enfatizava embarcações menores e baratas para contrapor navios grandes e caros. Entretanto, os japoneses comissionaram os dois couraçados da Classe Fuji na década de 1890 a fim de fazer frente à Marinha Imperial Chinesa; eles foram encomendados no Reino Unido pois o Japão não tinha a tecnologia e capacidade de construir suas próprias embarcações. A experiência da Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa de 1894 e 1895 convenceu os japoneses que sua doutrina era insustentável, levando a um programa de construção naval de dez anos que pedia por seis couraçados e seis cruzadores blindados. Os dois navios da Classe Shikishima e os couraçados Asahi e Mikasa também foram comprados no Reino Unido. A Marinha Imperial sabia que não conseguiriam construir mais do que norte-americanos ou britânicos, assim decidiram que suas embarcações sempre seriam de qualidade superior para compensar sua inferioridade numérica. As tensões entre Japão e Rússia aumentaram no início do século XX pelo controle da Coreia e Manchúria, com os japoneses encomendando dois couraçados da Classe Katori em 1903, os últimos construídos no exterior, com o objetivo de fazer frente à Esquadra do Pacífico russa. O Japão, desejando impedir reforços inimigos antes que seus novos navios fossem finalizados, iniciou a Guerra Russo-Japonesa em 1904 com um ataque surpresa contra a base russa de Porto Artur. Pouco depois, os japoneses encomendaram os dois couraçados da Classe Satsuma, os primeiros onstruídos domesticamente. O Exército Imperial Japonês capturou as embarcações sobreviventes da Esquadra do Pacífico até o final do ano. Os russos então enviaram a maior parte da Frota do Báltico, porém ela foi quase toda destruída na Batalha de Tsushima em maio de 1905. O Japão acabou por capturar cinco couraçados russos durante o conflito. Eles foram concertados e comissionados na Marinha Imperial, com dois sendo depois vendidos de volta para a Rússia em meados da Primeira Guerra Mundial. A magnitude da vitória na Batalha de Tsushima fez com que a liderança da marinha acreditasse que confrontos de superfície entre duas frotas era o único tipo de batalha decisiva em uma guerra moderna, além de que essa vitória seria decidida pelos couraçados armados com as maiores armas. Com o fim da Guerra Russo-Japonesa, o Japão passou a se focar no Reino Unido e Estados Unidos, seus rivais restantes para o domínio do Oceano Pacífico, acreditando que seria inevitável que um conflito estourasse com pelo menos um desses países. Consequentemente, foi aprovada a Política de Defesa Imperial de 1907, que pedia pela construção de uma frota de batalha composta por oito couraçados e oito cruzadores. Esta foi a origem do Programa de Frota Oito-Oito, que era o desenvolvimento de uma linha de batalha coesa composta por dezesseis navios grandes. O lançamento do couraçado britânico HMS Dreadnought em 1906 e do cruzador de batalha HMS Invincible no ano seguinte mudou o cenário naval mundial, complicando os planos japoneses pois essas embarcações deixaram todos os couraçados e cruzadores blindados existentes obsoletos. O Japão assim foi forçado a reiniciar o plano Oito-Oito com couraçados no estilo dreadnought e cruzadores de batalha. Isto levou à Classe Kawachi em 1907, seguida pelas classes Fusō e Ise na década seguinte. O sétimo e oitavo couraçados dreadnought japoneses vieram em 1917 e 1918 com os dois membros da Classe Nagato. Os Estados Unidos anunciaram em 1919 a retomada de seu programa de construção naval de 1916 e os japoneses, em resposta, encomendaram oito couraçados rápidos das classes Kii e Número 13. A perspectiva de uma nova corrida armamentista naval entre Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Japão após a Primeira Guerra Mundial fez com que os três países assinassem o Tratado Naval de Washington em 1922, que limitava os japoneses a uma proporção de 3:5:5 em tonelagem de couraçados em relação a britânicos e norte-americanos. O tratado forçou a Marinha Imperial a descartar todos seus pré-dreadnoughts e seus dreadnoughts mais antigos, enquanto os navios ainda em construção foram desmontados ou afundados como alvo de tiro. Além disso, o tratado proibia a construção de novas embarcações por dez anos. Oponentes do tratado e seus sucessores assumiram o controle dos altos escalões da Marinha Imperial nesse período, com os cruzadores de batalha da Classe Kongō sendo reconstruídos como couraçados rápidos, enquanto os couraçados ainda existentes foram modernizados. O crescimento do ultranacionalismo japonês e o domínio militar do governo fez o Japão abandonar o Tratado Naval de Washington em 1936. Planejamento para o período pós-tratado tinha começado dois anos antes e incluía cinco couraçados armados com nove canhões de 460 milímetros, o que se tornou a Classe Yamato. Os sucessores destes começaram a ser planejados pela Marinha Imperial no final da década de 1930, o que levou ao Projeto A-150, que seriam armados com canhões ainda maiores, porém nunca foram construídos por outras embarcações receberem prioridade no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.idade no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
, Ceci est la liste des cuirassés de la marine impériale japonaise de 1860 à 1945.
, 19世纪90年代至20世纪40年代，大日本帝國海軍为扩充舰队大量建造戰艦。大日本帝国 … 19世纪90年代至20世纪40年代，大日本帝國海軍为扩充舰队大量建造戰艦。大日本帝国过去极少从外国购买铁甲舰，并一度接受綠水學派海军思想，注重成本低廉的魚雷艇和，对抗造价昂贵的重型装甲船。19世纪90年代初，造船技术和能力远远不足的日本为对抗中国北洋水師从英国订造两艘富士级战列舰。1894至1895年的甲午战争令日本海军认定绿水学派思想站不住脚，为此制订十年海军建设计划，共需六艘战列舰和六艘装甲巡洋舰（人称“六六艦隊”）。两艘敷島級戰艦、朝日號戰艦与三笠號戰艦也是从英国购买。日本海军深知建设能力不可能追上英国与美国，决定海军舰船始终立足更好的质量，抵消数量劣势。 俄罗斯帝国与日本在20世纪初因朝鲜和满洲控制权之争关系紧张，俄罗斯增强太平洋舰队，日本也在1903年订造两艘香取級戰艦，此后该国再也没有从海外订造战列舰。为抢在舰船完工前确保舰队继续强化，日本1904年突袭旅顺口区的俄军基地，拉开日俄战争序幕。战争开始后不久，日本海军订造两艘萨摩级战列舰，是该国首批国产战列舰。1904年结束时，大日本帝國陸軍已占领旅顺口，俘获太平洋舰队残余舰只。俄军派大部分波羅的海艦隊收复旅顺口，但1905年5月赶到朝鲜海峡后基本在对马海峡海战被日本海军全歼。日军此役俘获五艘俄国前無畏艦，并在修复后编入日本舰队，其中两艘还在第一次世界大战期间卖回俄国，此时两国已成盟友。对马海峡海战大获全胜促使日本海军高层认为现代战争只有主力舰队的水面作战能决定战局，配有最大口径舰炮的战列舰是胜负关键。 日俄战争结束后，日本迅速把关注重心转到英国和美国身上，要争取太平洋统治地位，日本只剩这两个对手。日本深信至少会与其中一国开战，在1907年的帝国防御政策要求建造现代战列舰与战列巡洋舰各八艘，这便是“八八艦隊”的原型，由16艘主力艦构成战线核心。1906年英国皇家海军无畏号战列舰下水，第二年又下水無敵號戰鬥巡洋艦，两舰代表当时海军舰船的技术巅峰，其他舰只都远远不能相比。日本不得不加大投资，重启“八八舰队”计划建造无畏舰和战列巡洋舰。1907年河內級戰艦率先订造，接下来是20世纪10年代的扶桑级战列舰和伊势级战列舰。日本订造的第七和第八艘无畏舰都是1916和1917年的长门级战列舰。 1919年，美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊宣布恢复1916年海军建设计划，日本随即订造纪伊级战列舰和十三号级巡洋战列舰共八艘高速戰艦。为避免三国陷入新一轮成本高昂的军备竞赛，美国、英国、日本签署《华盛顿海军条约》，同意把三国战列舰吨位比限制在5比5比3。条约迫使日本海军废置所有前無畏艦和最老的无畏舰，已经开建的舰只能拆除或充当靶舰击沉。此外，条约还规定今后十年禁止新造战列舰。《华盛顿海军条约》的反对派及其继承人在此期间控制日本海军高层位置，把金刚级战列巡洋舰改造成高速战列舰，同时现代化改造现有舰船。再加上日本軍國主義兴起和军方在政府占据的领导地位，日本政府决定在1936年条约到期时退出。日本海军军令部为条约失效后制订的计划从1934年开始，包括五艘配有九门460毫米舰炮的大型战列舰，即后来的大和级战列舰。20世纪30年代后期大和级战列舰建造期间，日本海军开始设计下一代旗舰，即配备510毫米舰炮的超大和级战列舰，但日本为战争所需必须优先建造其他舰只，超大和级战列舰始终没有开建。的超大和级战列舰，但日本为战争所需必须优先建造其他舰只，超大和级战列舰始终没有开建。
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Ceci est la liste des cuirassés de la marine impériale japonaise de 1860 à 1945.
, 19世纪90年代至20世纪40年代，大日本帝國海軍为扩充舰队大量建造戰艦。大日本帝国 … 19世纪90年代至20世纪40年代，大日本帝國海軍为扩充舰队大量建造戰艦。大日本帝国过去极少从外国购买铁甲舰，并一度接受綠水學派海军思想，注重成本低廉的魚雷艇和，对抗造价昂贵的重型装甲船。19世纪90年代初，造船技术和能力远远不足的日本为对抗中国北洋水師从英国订造两艘富士级战列舰。1894至1895年的甲午战争令日本海军认定绿水学派思想站不住脚，为此制订十年海军建设计划，共需六艘战列舰和六艘装甲巡洋舰（人称“六六艦隊”）。两艘敷島級戰艦、朝日號戰艦与三笠號戰艦也是从英国购买。日本海军深知建设能力不可能追上英国与美国，决定海军舰船始终立足更好的质量，抵消数量劣势。 日俄战争结束后，日本迅速把关注重心转到英国和美国身上，要争取太平洋统治地位，日本只剩这两个对手。日本深信至少会与其中一国开战，在1907年的帝国防御政策要求建造现代战列舰与战列巡洋舰各八艘，这便是“八八艦隊”的原型，由16艘主力艦构成战线核心。1906年英国皇家海军无畏号战列舰下水，第二年又下水無敵號戰鬥巡洋艦，两舰代表当时海军舰船的技术巅峰，其他舰只都远远不能相比。日本不得不加大投资，重启“八八舰队”计划建造无畏舰和战列巡洋舰。1907年河內級戰艦率先订造，接下来是20世纪10年代的扶桑级战列舰和伊势级战列舰。日本订造的第七和第八艘无畏舰都是1916和1917年的长门级战列舰。和伊势级战列舰。日本订造的第七和第八艘无畏舰都是1916和1917年的长门级战列舰。
, Seznam japonských bitevních lodí zahrnuje bitevní lodě postavené pro japonské císařské námořnictvo. Za lodě stavěné v sérii je uvedena celá třída.
, Between the 1890s and 1940s, the Imperial … Between the 1890s and 1940s, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) built a series of battleships as it expanded its fleet. Previously, the Empire of Japan had acquired a few ironclad warships from foreign builders, although it had adopted the Jeune École naval doctrine which emphasized cheap torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive, heavily armored ships. To counter the Imperial Chinese Beiyang Fleet in the early 1890s, however, Japan ordered two Fuji-class battleships from Great Britain as Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own vessels. Combat experience in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the IJN that its doctrine was untenable, leading to a ten-year naval construction program that called for a total of six battleships and six armored total of six battleships and six armored
, A Marinha Imperial Japonesa construiu uma … A Marinha Imperial Japonesa construiu uma série de couraçados entre as décadas de 1890 e 1940. O Império do Japão anteriormente tinha adquirido alguns ironclads de estaleiros estrangeiros, mesmo tendo adotado a doutrina naval da Jeune École que enfatizava embarcações menores e baratas para contrapor navios grandes e caros. Entretanto, os japoneses comissionaram os dois couraçados da Classe Fuji na década de 1890 a fim de fazer frente à Marinha Imperial Chinesa; eles foram encomendados no Reino Unido pois o Japão não tinha a tecnologia e capacidade de construir suas próprias embarcações. A experiência da Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa de 1894 e 1895 convenceu os japoneses que sua doutrina era insustentável, levando a um programa de construção naval de dez anos que pedia por seis couraçados ee dez anos que pedia por seis couraçados e
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| rdfs:label |
Lista de couraçados do Japão
, 日本战列舰列表
, Liste des cuirassés japonais
, Seznam japonských bitevních lodí
, List of battleships of Japan
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