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大部分火星表面都披覆了一层厚厚的富冰覆盖层，该覆盖层是过去多次从天空飘落的冰核尘埃所 … 大部分火星表面都披覆了一层厚厚的富冰覆盖层，该覆盖层是过去多次从天空飘落的冰核尘埃所组成 。在部分地区可看到覆盖层中的一些分层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的陶玛西亚区覆盖层中的堆积分层，覆盖层可能是由不同气候下降落的雪和尘埃形成。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的法厄同区一座陨坑平整的覆盖层部分。沿陨坑外侧边缘，可看到覆盖层中的分层，表明该覆盖层是在过去多次堆积而成，这些分层将在下一张图像中被放大。
* 前一幅法厄同区覆盖层分层图像的放大，可看到4到5层分层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的塞壬高地披覆及未披覆覆盖层的地表。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的埃里达尼亚区覆盖层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的埃里达尼亚区披覆及未披覆气候变化时从天空落下的覆盖层地表近景。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备拍摄的刻布壬尼亚区覆盖层近景，覆盖层可能由过去气候条件下从天空降落的冰及尘埃组成。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的希腊区含分层的平坦覆盖层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的伊斯墨诺斯湖区覆盖层近景，箭头指示陨石坑边缘突出的覆盖层厚度。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示了伊斯墨诺斯湖区覆盖层厚度的近景。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的希腊区覆盖层近景。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的希腊区覆盖层边缘近景。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的阿耳卡狄亚区带斑点表面的覆盖层宽景视图。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的覆盖层近景图。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的覆盖层近景图。 从天空降落的冰核尘埃，很好地证明了这层覆盖层富含水冰。许多表面常见的多边形形状也表明土壤中富含冰。2001火星奥德赛号发现了高含量的氢（可能来自水） 。从轨道上进行的热辐射测量表明了冰的存在 ；凤凰号火星探测器降落在一片多边形区域中，它发现了水冰，并进行了直接观测，事实上，它的着陆火箭暴露了纯冰。理论预测在几厘米厚的土壤下会发现冰。该覆盖层被称为“纬度相关覆盖层”，因为它的出现与纬度有关。正是这层覆盖层后来的破裂，才形成了多边形地面。这种富含水冰地面的破裂是根据物理作用所预测的 。另一种表面被称为“脑纹地形”，因为它看起来像人脑的表面。当两种区域同时出现时，脑纹地形高度较多边形地面更低。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备拍摄的线状谷底沉积，显示了下一幅图像来源的背景照片。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的细胞开放型和细胞封闭型脑纹地形。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示，脑纹地形形成于较厚的地层，箭头指示较厚的单元分裂成小细胞。 尽管相邻下层的脑纹地形参差不齐，但从顶层开始，多边形层相当平整。据信，含多边形的覆盖层深度需达10-20米，才能形成平整表面。在所有的冰消失之前，覆盖层会持续很长一段时间，因为顶部会形成一层保护性的滞留沉积物 。覆盖层中含有冰和尘埃。当一定数量的冰升华后，尘埃停留在顶部，形成滞留沉积层 。根据多边形地面的总面积计算，估计覆盖层中锁住的总水量约有10米深，这一体积相当于在整个星球覆盖了一层2.5米深的水。但相比之下，地球北极和南极冰盖融化的水则可覆盖整个星球30米深。 覆盖层形成于火星气候与现在不同的时期 ，火星自转轴的倾斜或倾角变化很大 ，而地球的倾斜变化则很小，因为我们相当大的月球稳定了地球。火星只有两颗非常小卫星，它们没有足够的引力来稳定火星的倾斜。当火星倾斜度超过40度（今天是25度）左右时，冰就会沉积在某些纬度带上，而这些纬度带现今存在着大量的覆盖层 。天是25度）左右时，冰就会沉积在某些纬度带上，而这些纬度带现今存在着大量的覆盖层 。
, Much of the Martian surface is covered wit … Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich, mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past. In some places a number of layers are visible in the mantle.
* Layers in mantle deposit, as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program. Mantle was probably formed from snow and dust falling during a different climate. Location is Thaumasia quadrangle
* HiRISE image showing smooth mantle covering parts of a crater in the Phaethontis quadrangle. Along the outer rim of the crater, the mantle is displayed as layers. This suggests that the mantle was deposited multiple times in the past. Picture was taken with HiRISE under HiWish program. The layers are enlarged in the next image.
* Enlargement of previous image of mantle layers. Four to five layers are visible. Location is the Phaethontis quadrangle.
* Surface showing appearance with and without mantle covering, as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program. Location is Terra Sirenum in Phaethontis quadrangle.
* Mantle layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is Eridania quadrangle
* Close view of places covered and not covered by mantle layer which falls from the sky when climate changes. Location is Eridania quadrangle. Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program.
* Close up view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Mantle may be composed of ice and dust that fell from the sky during past climatic conditions. Location is Cebrenia quadrangle.
* Smooth mantle with layers in Hellas quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
* Close view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrows show craters along edge which highlight the thickness of mantle. Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
* Close view that displays the thickness of the mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Ismenius Lacus quadrangle.
* Close view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is Hellas quadrangle.
* Close view of the edge of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program Location is Hellas quadrangle.
* Wide view of surface with spots displaying mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is the Arcadia quadrangle.
* Close view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
* Close view of mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program It fell as snow and ice-coated dust. There is good evidence that this mantle is ice-rich. The shapes of the polygons common on many surfaces suggest ice-rich soil. High levels of hydrogen (probably from water) have been found with Mars Odyssey. Thermal measurements from orbit suggest ice. The Phoenix (spacecraft) discovered water ice with made direct observations since it landed in a field of polygons. In fact, its landing rockets exposed pure ice. Theory had predicted that ice would be found under a few cm of soil. This mantle layer is called "latitude dependent mantle" because its occurrence is related to the latitude. It is this mantle that cracks and then forms polygonal ground. This cracking of ice-rich ground is predicted based on physical processes. Another type of surface is called "brain terrain" as it looks like the surface of a human brain. Brain terrain lies under polygonal ground when the two are both visible in a region.
* Context picture showing origin of next picture. The location is a region of lineated valley fill. Image from HiRISE under HiWish program.
* Open and closed-cell brain terrain, as seen by HiRISE, under HiWish program.
* Brain terrain being formed from a thicker layer, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Arrows show the thicker unit breaking up into small cells. Since the top, polygon layer is fairly smooth although the underlying brain terrain is irregular; it is believed that the mantle layer that contains the polygons needs to be 10–20 meters thick to smooth out the irregularities. The mantle layer lasts for a very long time before all the ice is gone because a protective lag deposit forms on the top. The mantle contains ice and dust. After a certain amount of ice disappears from sublimation the dust stays on the top, forming the lag deposit. The total amount of water locked up in the mantle has been calculated based on the total area of polygonal ground and an estimated depth of 10 meters. This volume is equal to a layer 2.5 meters deep spread over the entire planet. This compares to a 30-meter depth over the whole planet for the water locked up in the north and south polar caps. Mantle forms when the Martian climate is different than the present climate. The tilt or obliquity of the axis of the planet changes a great deal. The Earth’s tilt changes little because our rather large moon stabilizes the Earth. Mars only has two very small moons that do not possess enough gravity to stabilize its tilt. When the tilt of Mars exceeds around 40 degrees (from today's 25 degrees), ice is deposited in certain latitude bands where much mantle exists today.tude bands where much mantle exists today.
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Much of the Martian surface is covered wit … Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich, mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past. In some places a number of layers are visible in the mantle.
* Layers in mantle deposit, as seen by HiRISE, under the HiWish program. Mantle was probably formed from snow and dust falling during a different climate. Location is Thaumasia quadrangle
*
* Enlargement of previous image of mantle layers. Four to five layers are visible. Location is the Phaethontis quadrangle.
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* Mantle layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is Eridania quadrangleh program. Location is Eridania quadrangle
, 大部分火星表面都披覆了一层厚厚的富冰覆盖层，该覆盖层是过去多次从天空飘落的冰核尘埃所 … 大部分火星表面都披覆了一层厚厚的富冰覆盖层，该覆盖层是过去多次从天空飘落的冰核尘埃所组成 。在部分地区可看到覆盖层中的一些分层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的陶玛西亚区覆盖层中的堆积分层，覆盖层可能是由不同气候下降落的雪和尘埃形成。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的法厄同区一座陨坑平整的覆盖层部分。沿陨坑外侧边缘，可看到覆盖层中的分层，表明该覆盖层是在过去多次堆积而成，这些分层将在下一张图像中被放大。
* 前一幅法厄同区覆盖层分层图像的放大，可看到4到5层分层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的塞壬高地披覆及未披覆覆盖层的地表。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的埃里达尼亚区覆盖层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的埃里达尼亚区披覆及未披覆气候变化时从天空落下的覆盖层地表近景。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备拍摄的刻布壬尼亚区覆盖层近景，覆盖层可能由过去气候条件下从天空降落的冰及尘埃组成。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的希腊区含分层的平坦覆盖层。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示的伊斯墨诺斯湖区覆盖层近景，箭头指示陨石坑边缘突出的覆盖层厚度。
* HiWish计划下高分辨率成像科学设备显示了伊斯墨诺斯湖区覆盖层厚度的近景。
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Latitude dependent mantle
, 纬度相关覆盖层
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