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http://dbpedia.org/ontology/abstract James McCune Smith (April 18, 1813 – NovemJames McCune Smith (April 18, 1813 – November 17, 1865) was an American physician, apothecary, abolitionist, and author who was born in Manhattan. He was the first African American to hold a medical degree from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. After his return to the United States, he became the first African American to run a pharmacy in the nation. In addition to practicing as a physician for nearly 20 years at the Colored Orphan Asylum in Manhattan, Smith was a public intellectual: he contributed articles to medical journals, participated in learned societies, and wrote numerous essays and articles drawing from his medical and statistical training. He used his training in medicine and statistics to refute common misconceptions about race, intelligence, medicine, and society in general. Invited as a founding member of the in 1852, which promoted a new science, he was elected as a member in 1854 of the recently founded American Geographic Society. He was never admitted to the American Medical Association or local medical associations, very likely as a result of the systemic racism that Smith confronted throughout his medical career. He has been most well known for his leadership as an abolitionist: a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, with Frederick Douglass he helped start the in 1853, the first permanent national organization for blacks. Douglass called Smith "the single most important influence on his life." Smith was one of the , who organized in 1850 in Manhattan to resist the newly passed Fugitive Slave Law by aiding refugee slaves through the Underground Railroad. Other leading abolitionist activists were among his friends and colleagues. From the 1840s, Smith lectured on race and abolitionism and wrote numerous articles to refute racist ideas about black capacities. Both Smith and his wife were of mixed African and European descent. As he became economically successful, Smith built a house in a mostly white neighborhood; in the 1860 census he and his family were classified as white, along with their neighbors. (In the census of 1850, while living in a predominately African-American neighborhood, they had been classified as mulatto.) Smith served for nearly 20 years as the physician at the Colored Orphan Asylum in New York. After it was burned down in July 1863 by a mob in draft riots in Manhattan, in which nearly 100 blacks were killed, Smith moved his family and practice to Brooklyn for their safety. Many other blacks left Manhattan for Brooklyn at the same time. The parents stressed education for their children. In the 1870 census, his widow and children continued to be classified as white. To escape racial discrimination and have more opportunities, his children passed into white society: the four surviving sons married white spouses; his unmarried daughter lived with a brother. They worked as teachers, a lawyer, and as business people. Smith's unique achievements as a pioneering African-American physician were rediscovered by twentieth-century historians. They were relearned by his descendants in the twenty-first century, who identified as white and did not know about him, when a great-great-great-granddaughter took a history class and found his name in her grandmother's family bible. In 2010, several Smith descendants commissioned a new tombstone for his grave in Brooklyn and gathered to honor him and their African-American ancestry.r him and their African-American ancestry. , جيمس ماكيون سميث (بالإنجليزية: James McCunجيمس ماكيون سميث (بالإنجليزية: James McCune Smith)‏ هو طبيب وصيدلي وكاتب أمريكي، ولد في 18 أبريل 1813 في نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 17 نوفمبر 1865 في لونغ آيلند في الولايات المتحدة. كان أول أمريكي من أصل أفريقي يحمل شهادة طبية إذ تخرج الأول على دفعته من جامعة غلاسكو في إسكتلندا. أصبح أول أمريكي من أصل أفريقي يدير صيدلية في الولايات المتحدة بعد عودته للبلاد. كان سميث مثقفًا عامًا وذلك بالإضافة إلى مزاولته للطب في مأوى أيتام الملونين بمانهاتن لمدة قاربت العشرين عامًا. ساهم في كتابة مقالات لعدة دوريات طبية وشارك في عدد من الجمعيات البحثية وكتب مجموعة من الأطروحات والمقالات مستفيدًا من تدريبه في مجالي الطب والإحصاء. واستخدم تدريبه في هذين المجالين من أجل دحض المفاهيم الخاطئة المنتشرة حيال العرق والذكاء والطب والمجتمع بصورة عامة. دُعي سميث للانضمام إلى جمعية نيويورك للإحصاء بصفته عضوًا مؤسسًا في عام 1852. عملت تلك الجمعية على الترويج للعلم الجديد. كذلك انتُخب عضوًا في الجمعية الجغرافية الأمريكية المنشأة حديثًا في عام 1854. بيد أن عضويته لم تقبل قط في الرابطة الطبية الأمريكية أو الجمعيات الطبية المحلية. عرِف عن سميث قيادته بصفته مناصرًا لإبطال الرق إذ كان عضوًا في الجمعية الأمريكية المناهضة للعبودية، وأنشأ بمساعدة فريدريك دوغلاس المجلس الوطني للأشخاص الملونين في عام 1853، وهي أول منظمة وطنية دائمة معنية بأصحاب البشرة السوداء. اعتبره دوغلاس «أهم تأثير على حياته». كان سميث عضوًا في لجنة الثلاثة عشر المتشكلة في مانهاتن عام 1850. كان هدف اللجنة مقاومة قانون العبيد الفارين من خلال تقديم يد العون للعبيد الباحثين عن المأوى ضمن شبكة السكك الحديدية تحت الأرض. كان من جملة أصدقائه وزملاء عمله عدد من الناشطين الإبطاليين البارزين الآخرين. ألقى سميث محاضرات حول العرق والإبطالية بدءًا من أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، وكتب عددًا من المقالات التي دحضت الأفكار العنصرية حول قدرات السود. انحدر سميث وزوجته من أصول عرقية أفريقية وأوروبية مختلطة. شيد سميث منزلًا في أحد الأحياء ذات الغالبية البيضاء بالتوازي مع ما أحرزه من نجاح على الصعيد المادي. وصنِف هو وعائلته بالإضافة إلى جيرانهم تحت فئة البيض في تعداد عام 1860. تغير تصنيفهم ليصبح مدرجًا تحت فئة الخلاسيين في تعداد عام 1850، وذلك بعدما انتقلوا للعيش في حي ذي غالبية أمريكية أفريقية. عمل سميث طبيبًا لمدة عشرين عام تقريبًا في مأوى أيتام الملونين بنيويورك. انتقل سميث مع عائلته ليزاول عمله في بروكلين حفاظًا على سلامتهم، وذلك بعدما أصابت نيران حشد من الغوغاء المأوى ودمرته خلال أعمال شغب التجنيد التي اندلعت بمانهاتن في شهر يوليو من عام 1863، والتي راح ضحيتها نحو 100 شخص من أصحاب البشرة السوداء. وصاحب ذلك مغادرة الكثير من السود لمانهاتن منتقلين إلى بروكلين. كان الأهل يشددون على تعليم أطفالهم. استمر تصنيف أرملة سميث والأطفال تحت فئة البيض في تعداد عام 1870. اندمج أولاد سميث ضمن مجتمع البيض هربًا من التمييز العرقي وبحثًا عن مزيدٍ من الفرص إذ تزوج الأبناء الأربعة الباقون من نساء من ذوي البشرة البيضاء، في حين عاشت ابنته التي لم تتزوج مع أحد أشقائها. وعملوا كأساتذة ورجال أعمال وعمل أحدهم محاميًا. أعاد مؤرخو القرن العشرين اكتشاف إنجازات سميث الفريدة من نوعها بوصفه طبيبًا أمريكيًا رائدًا من أصول أفريقية. علِم المنحدرون من نسبه بإنجازاته والذين عرّفوا أنفسهم كبيض في القرن الواحد والعشرين بعدما أخذت حفيدة حفيدة حفيدته لسميث مقررًا في التاريخ ووقعت عيناها على اسمه في الكتاب المقدس الخاص بالعائلة والعائد لجدتها. اتفق عدد من أحفاد سميث على تغيير شاهدة قبره ببروكلين في عام 2010. واجتمعوا لتكريمه وتكريم أسلافهم من ذوي الأصول الأفريقية.مه وتكريم أسلافهم من ذوي الأصول الأفريقية.
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rdfs:comment جيمس ماكيون سميث (بالإنجليزية: James McCunجيمس ماكيون سميث (بالإنجليزية: James McCune Smith)‏ هو طبيب وصيدلي وكاتب أمريكي، ولد في 18 أبريل 1813 في نيويورك في الولايات المتحدة، وتوفي في 17 نوفمبر 1865 في لونغ آيلند في الولايات المتحدة. كان أول أمريكي من أصل أفريقي يحمل شهادة طبية إذ تخرج الأول على دفعته من جامعة غلاسكو في إسكتلندا. أصبح أول أمريكي من أصل أفريقي يدير صيدلية في الولايات المتحدة بعد عودته للبلاد.دلية في الولايات المتحدة بعد عودته للبلاد. , James McCune Smith (April 18, 1813 – NovemJames McCune Smith (April 18, 1813 – November 17, 1865) was an American physician, apothecary, abolitionist, and author who was born in Manhattan. He was the first African American to hold a medical degree from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. After his return to the United States, he became the first African American to run a pharmacy in the nation. American to run a pharmacy in the nation.
rdfs:label James McCune Smith , جيمس مكون سميث
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