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The Human Terrain System (HTS) was a Unite … The Human Terrain System (HTS) was a United States Army, Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) support program employing personnel from the social science disciplines – such as anthropology, sociology, political science, regional studies, and linguistics – to provide military commanders and staff with an understanding of the local population (i.e. the "human terrain") in the regions in which they are deployed. The concept of HTS was first developed in a paper by Montgomery McFate and Andrea Jackson in 2005, which proposed a pilot version of the project as a response to "identified gaps in [US military] commanders' and staffs' understanding of the local population and culture", such as became particularly visible during the US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. HTS was subsequently launched as a proof-of-concept program, run by the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), in February 2007, with five HTS teams deployed between Iraq and Afghanistan. Since 2007, HTS has grown from a program with five deployed teams and a $20 million two-year budget to one with 31 deployed teams and a $150 million annual budget. HTS became a permanent US Army program in 2010. Ever since its launch, HTS has been surrounded by controversy. While the program initially received positive coverage in the US media, it quickly became the subject of heavy criticism – particularly from anthropologists, but also from journalists, military officials and HTS personnel and former personnel. Most notably, on 31 October 2007, the executive board of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) published a statement opposing HTS as an "unacceptable application of anthropological expertise" that conflicted with the AAA's Code of Ethics. Following the publication of a report on HTS by the Commission on Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Services (CEAUSSIC) in 2009, the AAA released a further statement of disapproval, which they re-iterated in 2012 after rumours that the controversy had died down. The program evolved into a mechanism for supporting security force assistance. The program ended operations on 30 September 2014.ram ended operations on 30 September 2014.
, نظام التضاريس البشرية، هو برنامج دعم قيادة … نظام التضاريس البشرية، هو برنامج دعم قيادة الولايات المتحدة للتدريب العقائدي لتوظيف أشخاص من مختلف تخصصات العلوم الاجتماعية –مثل علم الأنثروبولوجيا، علم الاجتماع، العلوم السياسية، الدراسات الإقليمية واللغويات– لتمكين القادة العسكريين والموظفين من فهم السكان المحليين (أي «التضاريس البشرية») في المناطق التي يتم نشرها فيها. تم تطوير مفهوم نظام التضاريس البشرية لأول مرة في ورقة أعدتها مونتغمري ماكجيت وأندريا جاكسون في 2005، التي اقترحت نسخة تجريبية من المشروع رداً على «الثغرات المحددة في الجيش الأمريكي لفهم القادة والموظفين للسكان المحليين والثقافة»، كما أصبحت مرئية بشكل خاص خلال الغزو الأمريكي للعراق وأفغانستان. أُطلق نظام التضاريس البشرية فيما بعد كبرنامج إثبات للمفهوم، تديره قيادة جيش الولايات المتحدة للتدريب والمذهب. في فبراير 2005 تم نشر خمسة من فرق نظام التضاريس البشرية بين العراق وأفغانستان. منذ عام 2007 كبر نظام التضاريس البشرية من خمسة فرق منشرة بميزانية 20 مليون دولار لسنتين، إلى 31 فريق منشر بميزانية سنوية بـ150 مليون دولار. أصبح نظام التضاريس البشرية برنامجاً دائماً للجيش الأمريكي في 2010. ومنذ إطلاقه، كان نظام التضاريس البشرية محاطا بالجدل. في حين أن البرنامج تلقى في البداية تغطيه إيجابية من وسائل الإعلام الأمريكية، إلا أنه سرعان ما أصبح موضع انتقادات شديدة –خاصة من علماء الأنثروبولوجيا، وانتُقد أيضاً من الصحفيين والمسؤولين العسكريين وموظفي نظام التضاريس البشرية والموظفين السابقين. وعلى وجه الخصوص، في 31 أكتوبر عام 2007، نشر المجلس التنفيذي لجمعية الأنثروبولوجيا الأمريكية بياناً يعارض نظام التضاريس البشرية باعتباره «تطبيقا غير مقبول للخبرة الأنثروبولوجية» التي تتعارض مع أخلاقيات الجمعية الأنثروبولوجيا الأمريكية. بعد نشر تقرير عن نظام التضاريس البشرية من قبل اللجنة المعنية بعمل الأنثروبولوجيا مع الأمن والمخابرات الأمريكية في 2009. أصدرت جمعية الأنثروبولوجيا الأمريكية بيان آخر بعدم الموافقة، أعادوا نشر هذا البيان في 2012 بعد شائعات تقول عن انتهاء الجدل. تطور البرنامج إلى آلية لدعم مساعدة قوات الأمن. أنهى البرنامج عملياته في 30 سبتمبر عام 2014.هى البرنامج عملياته في 30 سبتمبر عام 2014.
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When ethnographic investigation is determi … When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic features of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology.ate professional exercise of anthropology.
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نظام التضاريس البشرية، هو برنامج دعم قيادة … نظام التضاريس البشرية، هو برنامج دعم قيادة الولايات المتحدة للتدريب العقائدي لتوظيف أشخاص من مختلف تخصصات العلوم الاجتماعية –مثل علم الأنثروبولوجيا، علم الاجتماع، العلوم السياسية، الدراسات الإقليمية واللغويات– لتمكين القادة العسكريين والموظفين من فهم السكان المحليين (أي «التضاريس البشرية») في المناطق التي يتم نشرها فيها. ومنذ إطلاقه، كان نظام التضاريس البشرية محاطا بالجدل.ه، كان نظام التضاريس البشرية محاطا بالجدل.
, The Human Terrain System (HTS) was a Unite … The Human Terrain System (HTS) was a United States Army, Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) support program employing personnel from the social science disciplines – such as anthropology, sociology, political science, regional studies, and linguistics – to provide military commanders and staff with an understanding of the local population (i.e. the "human terrain") in the regions in which they are deployed. The program evolved into a mechanism for supporting security force assistance. The program ended operations on 30 September 2014.ram ended operations on 30 September 2014.
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Human Terrain System
, نظام التضاريس البشرية
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