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Die Geschichte der Küsten-Salish, einer du … Die Geschichte der Küsten-Salish, einer durch eine gemeinsame Kultur, Verwandtschaft und Sprachen verbundenen Gruppe indianischer Ethnien an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas, reicht mehrere Jahrtausende zurück. Ihre Artefakte sind schon früh von großer Einheitlichkeit und weisen eine erkennbare Kontinuität auf, die an manchen Orten über mehr als sieben Jahrtausende zurückreicht. Im Gebiet der heutigen Küsten-Salish, d. h. im breiten Küstensaum der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia und der US-Bundesstaaten Washington und Oregon, reichen die Spuren menschlicher Anwesenheit über zehntausend Jahre zurück. Die Lebensgrundlage lieferte Fischfang, vor allem von Lachs, dazu kamen Jagd- und Sammeltätigkeit. Jüngste Forschungen zeigen, dass einige Gruppen bereits im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. zu einer bäuerlichen Lebensweise mit saisonal bewohnten Dörfern übergingen. Schon die ersten Kontakte mit Europäern um 1775 dezimierten zahlreiche Gruppen in stärkstem Ausmaß durch eingeschleppte Krankheiten, vor allem durch Pocken. Da sich die Kolonialmächte Großbritannien und Spanien 1790 auf den Verzicht auf Handelsstützpunkte einigten, begann der Bau von Forts nicht an der per Schiff erreichbaren Pazifikküste, sondern zunächst am Columbia und weiter im Hinterland und erreichte Vancouver Island erst über 50 Jahre später. Damit erhielten das Kanu als Fortbewegungsmittel und die von den Küstenbewohnern angelegten Handelspfade, wie die Grease trails, größte Bedeutung für den zunächst wichtigsten Handel mit Fischotter- und Biberpelzen. Dafür erhielten die Indianer Metallwaren und Waffen, was die lokalen Hierarchien und die Machtverhältnisse zwischen den Stämmen stark veränderte. Während der Nordteil des von Salish bewohnten Gebietes an die britische Hudson’s Bay Company fiel, fiel der Südteil 1846 an die USA. Diese verdrängten in viel stärkerem Ausmaß durch Besiedlung die Indianer und zwangen sie mit militärischer Gewalt in Reservate. Während in British Columbia jede Gruppe, die man als „Stamm“ auffasste, ein eigenes, wenn auch meist sehr kleines Reservat erhielt, richteten die USA größere Reservations ein, in denen mehrere Stämme lebten. Beide Staaten versuchten die Indianer zwangsweise zu assimilieren, wobei die USA erheblich stärker auf Vermischung, Privatisierung des Bodens und ökonomischen Druck setzten. Gemeinsam war ihnen der Versuch, die indianischen Kulturen durch Verbote und ein entsprechendes Schulsystem auszulöschen. Inzwischen gelingt es vielen Stämmen, ihr kulturelles Erbe wieder zu beleben und eine Selbstregierung (self government) durchzusetzen.regierung (self government) durchzusetzen.
, The History of the Coast Salish, a group o … The History of the Coast Salish, a group of Native American ethnicities on the Pacific coast of North America bound by a common culture, kinship, and languages, dates back several millennia. Their artifacts show great uniformity early on, with a discernible continuity that in some places stretches back more than seven millennia. In the area of today's Coastal Salish, ie in the broad coastal border of the Canadian province of British Columbia and the US states of Washington and Oregon, traces of human presence go back over ten thousand years. The livelihood was provided by fishing, especially salmon, as well as hunting and gathering activities. Recent research shows that some groups lived as early as the 2nd millennium BC. to a rural way of life with seasonally inhabited villages. Already the first contacts with Europeans around 1775 decimated numerous groups to a great extent by imported diseases, above all by smallpox. Since the colonial powers Great Britain and Spain agreed in 1790 not to have trading posts, the construction of forts did not begin on the Pacific coast accessible by ship, but first on the Columbia and further inland and only reached Vancouver Island more than 50 years later. Thus, the canoe as a means of transport and the trade routes laid out by the coastal inhabitants, such as the Grease trails, gained great importance for the initially most important trade in otter and beaver pelts. In return, the Indians received metal goods and weapons, which greatly changed the local hierarchies and the balance of power between the tribes. While the northern portion of the Salish-inhabited territory fell to the British Hudson's Bay Company, the southern portion fell to the USA in 1846. These displaced the Indians to a much greater extent through settlement and forced them into reservations by military force. While in British Columbia each group that was considered a "tribe" received its own, albeit mostly very small, Indian reserve, the USA set up larger "reservations" in which several tribes lived. Both states attempted to forcibly assimilate the Indians, with the US relying far more heavily on interbreeding, land privatization, and economic pressure. What they had in common was the attempt to wipe out the Indian cultures through bans and a corresponding school system. In the meantime, many tribes have succeeded in reviving their cultural heritage and enforcing self-government.al heritage and enforcing self-government.
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The History of the Coast Salish, a group o … The History of the Coast Salish, a group of Native American ethnicities on the Pacific coast of North America bound by a common culture, kinship, and languages, dates back several millennia. Their artifacts show great uniformity early on, with a discernible continuity that in some places stretches back more than seven millennia. In the area of today's Coastal Salish, ie in the broad coastal border of the Canadian province of British Columbia and the US states of Washington and Oregon, traces of human presence go back over ten thousand years. presence go back over ten thousand years.
, Die Geschichte der Küsten-Salish, einer du … Die Geschichte der Küsten-Salish, einer durch eine gemeinsame Kultur, Verwandtschaft und Sprachen verbundenen Gruppe indianischer Ethnien an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas, reicht mehrere Jahrtausende zurück. Ihre Artefakte sind schon früh von großer Einheitlichkeit und weisen eine erkennbare Kontinuität auf, die an manchen Orten über mehr als sieben Jahrtausende zurückreicht.mehr als sieben Jahrtausende zurückreicht.
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Geschichte der Küsten-Salish
, History of the Coast Salish peoples
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