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The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (1915–19 … The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (1915–1918) (Classical Syriac: ܟܦܢܐ, romanized: Kafno, lit. 'Starvation'; Arabic: مجاعة لبنان, romanized: Majā'at Lubnān; Turkish: Lübnan Dağı'nın Büyük Kıtlığı) known in Syria as the "Turkish Famine", was a period of mass starvation during World War I that resulted in 200,000 deaths of largely Christian and Druze inhabitants. Allied forces blockaded the Eastern Mediterranean, as they had done with the German Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire in Europe, in order to strangle the economy and weaken the Ottoman war effort. The situation was exacerbated by Jamal Pasha, commander of the Fourth Army of the Ottoman Empire, who deliberately barred crops from neighbouring Syria from entering Mount Lebanon. In response to the Allied blockade, Jamal Pasha used his own blockade in order to deliberately starve the Maronite population so they could be kept weak and unable to rebel, leading some scholars to characterize the famine as Ottoman-imposed. Additionally, a swarm of locusts devoured the remaining crops, creating a famine that led to the deaths of half of the population of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, a semi-autonomous subdivision of the Ottoman Empire and the precursor of modern-day Lebanon. Other areas in modern-day Lebanon, according to multiple sources, were also famine-stricken. However, due to poor documentation, casualties were never recorded. Some of the areas hit with no documentation include Tyre, Zahle, Akkar & Bint Jbeil.clude Tyre, Zahle, Akkar & Bint Jbeil.
, La Grande Famine du Mont-Liban (en arabe : … La Grande Famine du Mont-Liban (en arabe : مجاعة لبنان, ou Kafno en syriaque : ܟܦܢܐ ) qui a sévi pendant la Première Guerre mondiale a entraîné la mort de près de 150 000 habitants du Mont-Liban — ancienne province ottomane située dans le Liban actuel —, sur une population totale de 415 000 habitants. Les victimes sont en majorité des chrétiens et des druzes. Des forces alliées de l'Entente, la France et l'Angleterre, ont pratiqué un blocus naval en Méditerranée orientale pour affaiblir l'effort de guerre ottoman, comme elles l'avaient fait en Europe dans le but d'étrangler l'économie de l'Empire allemand et de l'Empire austro-hongrois ; ce blocus empêche l'approvisionnement par voie maritime. La situation est aggravée par Djemal Pacha, commandant de la quatrième armée de l'Empire ottoman, qui réquisitionne les produits agricoles de la Syrie voisine destinés au Liban afin de ravitailler les troupes ottomanes, et pratique de fait un blocus terrestre. Des spéculateurs libanais contribuent à entretenir la pénurie en stockant les denrées alimentaires pour faire monter les prix. A ces facteurs humains s'ajoutent une catastrophe naturelle : l'infestation de criquets dans l'Empire ottoman en 1915 qui atteint le Liban et dévore les récoltes. L'explication populaire de la famine qui a longtemps prévalu au Liban privilégie une seule cause, la politique de l'Empire ottoman, qui aurait provoqué une crise alimentaire sans précédent ; un courant historiographique est allé jusqu'à attribuer aux Ottomans une volonté génocidaire d'extermination des populations maronites, semblable à celle qui a conduit au génocide arménien. L'historiographie actuelle invoque une pluralité de facteurs pour rendre compte de la tragédie ; elle considère qu'il n'y a pas de preuve d'une intention des Ottomans d'affamer la population ; elle met l'accent sur le rôle du blocus anglo-français. Toutefois, la hiérarchie des responsabilités, en particulier celles des forces alliées de l'Entente et des Ottomans, ne fait pas consensus. La famine de 1915-1918 constitue un traumatisme majeur dans l'histoire du pays. Il y a eu plus de morts pendant cette période que durant la guerre du Liban, pour une population dix fois moins nombreuse. Après de longues décennies d'occultation de cette tragédie, des travaux universitaires plus nombreux tentent de faire la lumière sur cet événement historique de premier plan et un mémorial de la Grande Famine de 1915-1918 est érigé à Beyrouth. Famine de 1915-1918 est érigé à Beyrouth.
, كانت المجاعة الكبرى في لبنان في الفترة من … كانت المجاعة الكبرى في لبنان في الفترة من (1915 إلى 1918) فترة تجويع جماعي خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. لقد ساء الحصار الذي شكله الحلفاء بعد الحصار الذي فرضه جمال باشا (قائد الجيش الرابع للإمبراطورية العثمانية في منطقة سوريا)، حيث تم منع دخول المحاصيل إلى جبل لبنان من المناطق السورية المجاورة، ومع اجتياح سرب من الجراد للمنطقة في عام 1915، تم التهام المحاصيل الباقية لمدة ثلاثة أشهر متواصلة. تنوعت أسباب المجاعة بين العوامل السياسية والبيئية التي أدت إلى موت نصف سكان متصرفية جبل لبنان، وهو نظام حكم أقرته الدولة العثمانية، وقد جعل هذا النظام جبل لبنان منفصلًا من الناحية الإدارية عن باقي بلاد الشام. بعد قرن من ذلك، وفي عام 2018، أقيم نصب تذكاري للمجاعة الكبرى 1915-1918 في بيروت أمام جامعة القديس يوسف، بمبادرة من المؤرخ اللبناني كريستيان تاوتل والكاتب اللبناني رمزي توفيق سلامه.ن تاوتل والكاتب اللبناني رمزي توفيق سلامه.
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Tawfiq Yusuf 'Awwad
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Starving man and children in Mount Lebanon
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Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Ottoman Empire, modern day Lebanon
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population of 400,000 declined by 50%
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Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
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مجاعة لبنان
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Mount Lebanon
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1915
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Al-Raghif
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There was a woman, lying on her back, cove … There was a woman, lying on her back, covered with lice. An infant with huge eyes was hanging to her naked breast. One of the men pushed her with his foot and waited... Tom bit his fingers and stepped forward. The woman’s head was tipped back and her hair was sparse. From her bosom jutted out a scratched and battered breast that the infant kneaded with his tiny hands and squeezed with his lips, then gave up and cried.zed with his lips, then gave up and cried.
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Est. 200,000
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كانت المجاعة الكبرى في لبنان في الفترة من … كانت المجاعة الكبرى في لبنان في الفترة من (1915 إلى 1918) فترة تجويع جماعي خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. لقد ساء الحصار الذي شكله الحلفاء بعد الحصار الذي فرضه جمال باشا (قائد الجيش الرابع للإمبراطورية العثمانية في منطقة سوريا)، حيث تم منع دخول المحاصيل إلى جبل لبنان من المناطق السورية المجاورة، ومع اجتياح سرب من الجراد للمنطقة في عام 1915، تم التهام المحاصيل الباقية لمدة ثلاثة أشهر متواصلة. تنوعت أسباب المجاعة بين العوامل السياسية والبيئية التي أدت إلى موت نصف سكان متصرفية جبل لبنان، وهو نظام حكم أقرته الدولة العثمانية، وقد جعل هذا النظام جبل لبنان منفصلًا من الناحية الإدارية عن باقي بلاد الشام.ًا من الناحية الإدارية عن باقي بلاد الشام.
, The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (1915–19 … The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (1915–1918) (Classical Syriac: ܟܦܢܐ, romanized: Kafno, lit. 'Starvation'; Arabic: مجاعة لبنان, romanized: Majā'at Lubnān; Turkish: Lübnan Dağı'nın Büyük Kıtlığı) known in Syria as the "Turkish Famine", was a period of mass starvation during World War I that resulted in 200,000 deaths of largely Christian and Druze inhabitants.f largely Christian and Druze inhabitants.
, La Grande Famine du Mont-Liban (en arabe : … La Grande Famine du Mont-Liban (en arabe : مجاعة لبنان, ou Kafno en syriaque : ܟܦܢܐ ) qui a sévi pendant la Première Guerre mondiale a entraîné la mort de près de 150 000 habitants du Mont-Liban — ancienne province ottomane située dans le Liban actuel —, sur une population totale de 415 000 habitants. Les victimes sont en majorité des chrétiens et des druzes. Des forces alliées de l'Entente, la France et l'Angleterre, ont pratiqué un blocus naval en Méditerranée orientale pour affaiblir l'effort de guerre ottoman, comme elles l'avaient fait en Europe dans le but d'étrangler l'économie de l'Empire allemand et de l'Empire austro-hongrois ; ce blocus empêche l'approvisionnement par voie maritime. La situation est aggravée par Djemal Pacha, commandant de la quatrième armée de l'Empire ottoman,de la quatrième armée de l'Empire ottoman,
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مجاعة جبل لبنان
, Grande famine du Mont-Liban
, Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
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