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قاد جورج واشنطن (22 فبراير 1732 – 14 ديسمب … قاد جورج واشنطن (22 فبراير 1732 – 14 ديسمبر1799) الجيش القاري في الحرب الثورية الأمريكية (1755 حتى 1783). كان مسؤولًا لفترة وجيزة عن جيش جديد عام 1798 بعد خدمته بصفة رئيسًا للولايات المتحدة (من عام 1789 حتى 1797). لعب واشنطن دورًا مهمًا في الحروب الحدودية ضد الفرنسيين والهنود في خمسينيات وستينيات القرن الثامن عشر على الرغم من صغر سنه. لعب دور العسكري القائد في الثورة الأمريكية. عينه الكونغرس رئيس الأركان الأول للجيش القاري في 14 يونيو وذلك عندما اندلعت الحرب بمعارك ليكسينغتون وكونكورد في أبريل 1775. كانت المهمة التي تولاها ضخمة، تضمنت موازنة المتطلبات الإقليمية والتنافس بين أتباعه والروح المعنوية بين الجنود ومحاولات الكونغرس لإدارة شؤون الجيش عن كثب وطلبات حكام الولايات للدعم بالإضافة إلى الحاجة اللانهائية للموارد اللازمة لإطعام الجنود وكسوتهم وإعدادهم وتسليحهم وتحريكهم. لم يرأس عمومًا وحدات الميليشيا الكثيرة التابعة للدولة. كان واشنطن غالبًا في خضم المعارك في السنوات الأولى من الحرب، بدءًا بإدارته حصار بوسطن التي أفضت إلى نهايته الناجحة ثم خسارته مدينة نيويورك وخسارة نيوجيرسي الوشيكة قبل أن يحقق انتصارات مفاجئة وحاسمة في ترينتون وبرينستون في نهاية موسم حملات عام 1776. كان عليه أن يتعامل في نهاية عامي 1775 و1776 مع مسألة انتهاء صلاحية التجنيد كون الكونغرس سمح بوجود الجيش لأعوام مفردة فقط. مع تأسيس هيكلية عسكرية دائمة عام 1777 وظهور التجنيد الصالح لثلاث سنوات، بنى واشنطن جيشًا موثوقًا مؤلفًا من قوات مدربة على الرغم من صعوبة تأمين العملة الصعبة والموارد بمختلف أنواعها. هُزم واشنطن مجددًا في الدفاع عن فيلاديلفيا لكنه أرسل دعمًا هامًا إلى هوراشيو غيتس جعلت هزيمة بورغوين في ساراتوجا أمرًا ممكنًا. بعد شتاء قاس في فالي فورج ودخول فرنسا إلى الحرب عام 1778، لاحق واشنطن الجيش البريطاني بعد انسحابه من فيلاديلفيا إلى نيويورك وخاض معركة غير حاسمة قرب محكمة مونموث في نيوجيرسي. كانت نشاطات واشنطن من نهاية عام 1778 حتى 1780 تميل أكثر إلى كونها دبلوماسية وتنظيمية إذ بقي جيشه خارج مدينة نيويورك مراقبًا لجيش سير هنري كلينتون الذي كان يسيطر على المدينة. خطط واشنطن مع الفرنسيين للوصول إلى أفضل سبل التعاون ضد البريطانيين ما أدى في النهاية إلى محاولات فاشلة لطرد البريطانيين من نيوبورت في رود آيلاند وسافانا في جورجيا. ووجه انتباهه أيضًا إلى الحرب الحدودية التي استدعت الحملة العسكرية للجيش القاري عام 1779 والتي قادها جون سوليفان في شمال نيويورك. بدأ واشنطن بفصل عناصر من جيشه لمواجهة الخطر المتنامي في فيرجينيا عندما أرسل الجنرال كلينتون الجنرال المنشق بينيديكت أرنولد لشن غارة عليها. أعطى وصول اللورد كورنواليس إلى فرجينيا بعد حملاته في الجنوب الفرصة لواشنطن لتوجيه ضربة حاسمة. تحرك جيش واشنطن والجيش الفرنسي جنوبًا لمواجهة كورنواليس، وعطلت البحرية الفرنسية المتعاونة تحت إمرة الأميرال دي جراس المحاولات البريطانية للسيطرة على خليج تيشزبيك بنجاح، ما أغلق الطوق بالكامل على كورنواليس الذي استسلم بعد حصار يوركتاون في أكتوبر 1781. على الرغم من أن معركة يوركتاون حددت نهاية الأعمال القتالية المهمة في أمريكا الشمالية، ظل البريطانيون يحتلون نيويورك ومدنًا أخرى، لذا كان على واشنطن أن يحافظ على الجيش في وجه كونغرس مفلس وقوات متمردة أحيانًا بسبب الظروف والرواتب. حُل الجيش بشكل رسمي بعد السلام عام 1783 واستقال واشنطن من منصبه رئيسًا للأركان في 23 ديسمبر عام 1783.نصبه رئيسًا للأركان في 23 ديسمبر عام 1783.
, George Washington (February 22, 1732 – Dec … George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798. Washington, despite his youth, played a major role in the frontier wars against the French and Indians in the 1750s and 1760s. He played the leading military role in the American Revolution. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Congress appointed him the first commander-in-chief of the new Continental Army on June 14. The task he took on was enormous, balancing regional demands, competition among his subordinates, morale among the rank and file, attempts by Congress to manage the army's affairs too closely, requests by state governors for support, and an endless need for resources with which to feed, clothe, equip, arm, and move the troops. He was not usually in command of the many state militia units. In the early years of the war Washington was often in the middle of the action, first directing the Siege of Boston to its successful conclusion, but then losing New York City and almost losing New Jersey before winning surprising and decisive victories at Trenton and Princeton at the end of the 1776 campaign season. At the end of the year in both 1775 and 1776, he had to deal with expiring enlistments, since the Congress had only authorized the army's existence for single years. With the 1777 establishment of a more permanent army structure and the introduction of three-year enlistments, Washington built a reliable cohort of experienced troops, although hard currency and supplies of all types were difficult to come by. In 1777 Washington was again defeated in the defense of Philadelphia, but sent critical support to Horatio Gates that made the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga possible. Following a difficult winter at Valley Forge and the entry of France into the war in 1778, Washington followed the British army as it withdrew from Philadelphia back to New York, and fought an ultimately inconclusive battle at Monmouth Court House in New Jersey. Washington's activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational, as his army remained outside New York, watching Sir Henry Clinton's army that occupied the city. Washington strategized with the French on how best to cooperate in actions against the British, leading to ultimately unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British from Newport, Rhode Island and Savannah, Georgia. His attention was also drawn to the frontier war, which prompted the 1779 Continental Army expedition of John Sullivan into upstate New York. When General Clinton sent the turncoat General Benedict Arnold to raid in Virginia, Washington began to detach elements of his army to face the growing threat there. The arrival of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia after campaigning in the south presented Washington with an opportunity to strike a decisive blow. Washington's army and the French army moved south to face Cornwallis, and a cooperative French navy under Admiral de Grasse successfully disrupted British attempts to control of the Chesapeake Bay, completing the entrapment of Cornwallis, who surrendered after the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781. Although Yorktown marked the end of significant hostilities in North America, the British still occupied New York and other cities, so Washington had to maintain the army in the face of a bankrupt Congress and troops that were at times mutinous over conditions and pay. The army was formally disbanded after peace in 1783, and Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23, 1783.s commander-in-chief on December 23, 1783.
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George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). After serving as President of the United States (1789 to 1797), he briefly was in charge of a new army in 1798.
, قاد جورج واشنطن (22 فبراير 1732 – 14 ديسمبر1799) الجيش القاري في الحرب الثورية الأمريكية (1755 حتى 1783). كان مسؤولًا لفترة وجيزة عن جيش جديد عام 1798 بعد خدمته بصفة رئيسًا للولايات المتحدة (من عام 1789 حتى 1797).
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جورج واشنطن في الثورة الأمريكية
, George Washington in the American Revolution
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