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Insetos galhadores ou gall-inducing insect … Insetos galhadores ou gall-inducing insects são quaisquer insetos causadores de crescimento de galhas em plantas, não apenas mosquitos (Diptera), mas também Coleoptera, Hemiptera (Coccoidea, Cecidomyiidae, Afídios e Psilídeos), entre outros. Estimativas da ocorrência global de insetos galhadores variam de 21000 - 211000 espécies (média de 132930). Estes insetos depositam seus ovos nos órgãos foliares, geralmente folhas ou caule, ocasionando a reação anatômica e estrutural que caracteriza uma galha. As larvas nascentes se desenvolvem, às vezes até a fase adulta, se aproveitando dos nutrientes que a planta, mesmo que em reação contra o parasitismo, lhe oferece. Logo depois, então, o inseto deixa a galha através de uma abertura feita por ele durante a refeição ou por pressão. Essa interação ecológica inseto-planta pode ser mutuamente benéfica, no entanto, muitas vezes os insetos atuam como patógenos ou pestes. Resulta daí, então, uma relação de co-evolução forte que marca muitos sistemas de táxons.forte que marca muitos sistemas de táxons.
, A gall-inducing insect is any insect that … A gall-inducing insect is any insect that can cause the growth of galls within plants. There are several groups of insects that meet this description. They include the gall wasps, scales, gall midges, aphids, psyllids and certain species of leafminer flies. Galls are growth deformities induced in certain plants by various insects which are mostly species-specific. Galls induced by insects can be viewed as an extended phenotype of the inducing insect, and gall-inducing insects specialize on their host plants, often to a greater extent than insects that feed on the same plant without creating galls. The gall's form or type depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where the plant is being attacked. Based on the form, there are two classification systems used to identify the cause of galls: causative agents located outside plant tissues, and those agents located inside plant tissues. Causative outside agents include:
* Krebs gall is caused by surface agents.
* Filz gall is caused by agents among surface hairs.
* Fold/roll gall is caused by agents within turned-over leaf blades.
* Pouch gall is caused by agents within a cup-like structure that occurs when opposite ends of the infected structure arch upward and form a spherical oval. Causitive inside agents include:
* Covering gall is caused by agents embedded within a gall when plant tissues rise up and surround the parasite.
* Lysenchyme gall is caused by agents that sink into the plant when the plant cells dissolve away and close around the parasite.
* Mark gall is caused by agents burrowing within plant tissue before gall develops. This symbiotic relationship is rather one-sided, with not much research verifying any benefit given to the plant species; therefore such insects are most likely parasites of their host plant. The insect that causes the gall formation gets an entire microenvironment or microhabitat provided to it, safe from climate and predation, to grow within, and with a rich supply of food formed within the gall for the insect to feed upon.Ecologically, gall-inducing insects, because of their creation of a microhabitat, are often attacked by parasitoid or inquiline insects that take advantage of the excess resources the gall-inducer causes the plant to create, often leading to more biodiversity in the ecosystem than what would exist without the presence of gall-inducers. Thus gall-inducing insects are examples of ecosystem engineers.sects are examples of ecosystem engineers.
, Un insecte cécidogène, ou galligène, est u … Un insecte cécidogène, ou galligène, est une espèce d'insecte qui induit chez les plantes la formation de galles (ou entomocécidies) dans lesquelles se développent les larves. Divers groupes d'insectes, regroupant plus de 13 000 espèces, répondent à cette description, notamment les cynips (hyménoptères), les cécidomyies (diptères), les cochenilles, les pucerons et les psylles (hémiptères). Chaque espèce d'insecte cécidogène est généralement spécifique d'une espèce de plante et d'un organe végétal. Les galles sont des déformations de croissance induites chez certaines plantes par divers insectes, qui sont dans la plupart des cas des espèces spécifiques. Elles peuvent aussi être induites par d'autres types d'organismes tels que des virus, des bactéries, des champignons, des nématodes ou des acariens.Chez les plantes, les galles peuvent affecter les feuilles, les racines, les tiges, les fleurs, les fruits ou les graines.La forme ou le type de la galle dépendent de l'organisme qui attaque la plante et de l'organe végétal concerné. Divers systèmes de classification des galles ont été adoptés, en fonction de leur forme, des organes végétaux parasités, ou de leur nature histologique selon qu'elles affectent un organe (galle organoïde) ou un tissu (galle histidoïde). Cette relation symbiotique paraît assez unilatérale au profit de l'insecte et peu de recherches ont été effectuées pour vérifier les avantages que les espèces végétales pourraient en retirer.L'insecte parasite qui provoque la formation de galles bénéficie d'un micro-habitat qui lui fournit à la fois une production riche de nutriments utiles à son alimentation et un abri contre les phénomènes climatiques et les prédateurs. Toutefois, les larves se développant à l'intérieur des galles sont souvent attaquées par des insectes parasitoïdes et autres prédateurs spécialisés. Dans certains cas, les insectes galligènes peuvent se révéler comme des ravageurs, nuisibles aux cultures. C'est par exemple le cas du cynips du châtaignier (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), espèce originaire de Chine, apparue en 2002 en Europe.naire de Chine, apparue en 2002 en Europe.
, Mionchuileog fhíneálta. Go minic, cuireann na huibheacha nó larbhaí ar gor tús le gáil ar phlandaí. Lotnaid dhíobhálach ar chruithneacht agus piseanna.
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Insetos galhadores ou gall-inducing insect … Insetos galhadores ou gall-inducing insects são quaisquer insetos causadores de crescimento de galhas em plantas, não apenas mosquitos (Diptera), mas também Coleoptera, Hemiptera (Coccoidea, Cecidomyiidae, Afídios e Psilídeos), entre outros. Estimativas da ocorrência global de insetos galhadores variam de 21000 - 211000 espécies (média de 132930). Essa interação ecológica inseto-planta pode ser mutuamente benéfica, no entanto, muitas vezes os insetos atuam como patógenos ou pestes. Resulta daí, então, uma relação de co-evolução forte que marca muitos sistemas de táxons.forte que marca muitos sistemas de táxons.
, Mionchuileog fhíneálta. Go minic, cuireann na huibheacha nó larbhaí ar gor tús le gáil ar phlandaí. Lotnaid dhíobhálach ar chruithneacht agus piseanna.
, Un insecte cécidogène, ou galligène, est u … Un insecte cécidogène, ou galligène, est une espèce d'insecte qui induit chez les plantes la formation de galles (ou entomocécidies) dans lesquelles se développent les larves. Divers groupes d'insectes, regroupant plus de 13 000 espèces, répondent à cette description, notamment les cynips (hyménoptères), les cécidomyies (diptères), les cochenilles, les pucerons et les psylles (hémiptères). Chaque espèce d'insecte cécidogène est généralement spécifique d'une espèce de plante et d'un organe végétal.e espèce de plante et d'un organe végétal.
, A gall-inducing insect is any insect that … A gall-inducing insect is any insect that can cause the growth of galls within plants. There are several groups of insects that meet this description. They include the gall wasps, scales, gall midges, aphids, psyllids and certain species of leafminer flies. The gall's form or type depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where the plant is being attacked. Based on the form, there are two classification systems used to identify the cause of galls: causative agents located outside plant tissues, and those agents located inside plant tissues. Causative outside agents include:tissues. Causative outside agents include:
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