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Par opposition à la « fiscalité verte », p … Par opposition à la « fiscalité verte », pour l'OCDE, la « fiscalité noire » désigne deux types d'aides susceptibles d'avoir des effets pervers : 1.
* les aides directes distribuées au secteur des énergies fossiles et non renouvelables. Il peut s'agir d'aides remboursables, de prêts avantageux ou de simples subventions à fonds perdus provenant d’États, de groupements d'États et/ou d'autres collectivités, ou aides particulières d'institutions comme la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international) ; 2.
* les aides indirectes (défiscalisation, dérogation à certains impôts) dont bénéficient certaines filières énergétiques et activités extractives ou de raffinage ou commercialisation dans le secteur des énergies fossiles. Dans une perspective d' économie libérale et/ou de « croissance équitable », ces aides (directes ou indirectes) sont sources de distorsion économique et elles faussent les , d'autant que les recettes des taxes vertes semblent avoir diminué de 2000 à 2008 dans la plupart des pays riches. Selon l'OCDE, le principal bénéficiaire de cette fiscalité noire est l'industrie pétrolière, devant les industries d'extraction d'autres ressources fossiles (gaz naturel, gaz de schiste, charbon, tourbe).naturel, gaz de schiste, charbon, tourbe).
, Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies … Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations. One downside to subsidizing any industry is that competition and innovation are lessened or lost completely. Subsidizing can make a product be cheaper for buyers, but in the long run, innovation and lower prices come from a competitive free market. Despite the G20 countries having pledged to phase-out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, they may be continued because of voter demand or for energy security. Global fossil fuel consumption subsidies in 2021 have been estimated at 440 billion dollars; although they vary each year depending on oil prices they are consistently hundreds of billions of dollars. Eliminating fossil fuel subsidies would greatly reduce global carbon emissions and would reduce the health risks of air pollution. As of 2021, policy researchers estimate that substantially more money is spent on fossil fuel subsidies than on environmentally harmful agricultural subsidies or environmentally harmful .ral subsidies or environmentally harmful .
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Par opposition à la « fiscalité verte », p … Par opposition à la « fiscalité verte », pour l'OCDE, la « fiscalité noire » désigne deux types d'aides susceptibles d'avoir des effets pervers : 1.
* les aides directes distribuées au secteur des énergies fossiles et non renouvelables. Il peut s'agir d'aides remboursables, de prêts avantageux ou de simples subventions à fonds perdus provenant d’États, de groupements d'États et/ou d'autres collectivités, ou aides particulières d'institutions comme la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international) ; 2.
* les aides indirectes (défiscalisation, dérogation à certains impôts) dont bénéficient certaines filières énergétiques et activités extractives ou de raffinage ou commercialisation dans le secteur des énergies fossiles.ion dans le secteur des énergies fossiles.
, Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies … Fossil fuel subsidies are energy subsidies on fossil fuels. They may be tax breaks on consumption, such as a lower sales tax on natural gas for residential heating; or subsidies on production, such as tax breaks on exploration for oil. Or they may be free or cheap negative externalities; such as air pollution or climate change due to burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. Some fossil fuel subsidies are via electricity generation, such as subsidies for coal-fired power stations. One downside to subsidizing any industry is that competition and innovation are lessened or lost completely. Subsidizing can make a product be cheaper for buyers, but in the long run, innovation and lower prices come from a competitive free market.rices come from a competitive free market.
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, Fossil fuel subsidies
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