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رحلات الاستكشاف العلمية بدأت وتزايدت في أوروبا بعد فترة عصر الاستكشاف، ودعمتها الاختراعات التقنية الجديدة (المزواة، ، كرونومتر، (أو الفرجار)، المقراب...) وحفزها ظهور تيارات علمية وفلسفية جديدة (جان جاك روسو، جورج دي بوفون، تشارلز داروين...).
, The era of European and American voyages o … The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment. Maritime expeditions in the Age of Discovery were a means of expanding colonial empires, establishing new trade routes and extending diplomatic and trade relations to new territories, but with the Enlightenment scientific curiosity became a new motive for exploration to add to the commercial and political ambitions of the past. See also List of Arctic expeditions and List of Antarctic expeditions.ditions and List of Antarctic expeditions.
, El término expediciones científicas se apl … El término expediciones científicas se aplica a una serie de viajes financiados por distintos países de Europa durante el siglo XVIII con el propósito de recolectar información científica, geográfica, de recursos naturales y explorar tierras y mares, en algunos casos con propósitos comerciales. Sus raíces en alguna medida se encuentran en el enciclopedismo francés. Las naciones europeas compitieron en incrementar su saber científico. La época de los viajes de exploración científica siguió a la era de los descubrimientos y se inspiró en una nueva confianza en la ciencia y la razón que surgió en la Era de la Ilustración. La llegada de los europeos a América había abierto un escenario de grandes posibilidades y las expediciones marítimas fueron un medio para expandir los imperio coloniales, establecer nuevas rutas comerciales y extender las relaciones diplomáticas y comerciales a esos nuevos territorios. Ya con la Ilustración, la curiosidad científica se convirtió en un nuevo motivo para la exploración que se agregó a las ambiciones comerciales y políticas del pasado. Fue la Corona Española la primera en llevar a cabo estas exploraciones a escala global, aunque posteriormente con la ayuda de las innovaciones tecnológicas (teodolito, cuadrante, cronómetro de precisión, brújula, telescopio, etcétera) y motivados por la aparición de nuevas corrientes filosóficas y científicas (Rousseau, Buffon, Darwin, entre otros) entran en escena otras potencias que aspiran capitalizar los nuevos conocimientos. Pero fue, sobre todo, a partir de mediados del siglo XVIII y durante el siglo XIX cuando se multiplicaron las expediciones de carácter predominantemente científico. Más que para descubrir nuevas tierras, esas misiones tenían por objetivo las diferentes regiones, descubrir la fauna y la flora (la historia natural), realizar observaciones astronómicas y meteorológicas y probar nuevas teorías en la forma de calcular la longitud. También, muy a menudo, coexistían objetivos políticos, más o menos encubiertos, que buscaban establecer o fortalecer los asentamientos y colonias.[cita requerida] Estos viajes, en general, permitieron la realización de , trazar nuevas rutas para el comercio marítimo, descubrir territorios, especies vegetales y animales, así como pueblos desconocidos, informar en Europa de los especímenes plantas y frutas tropicales, y hacer avanzar determinadas disciplinas (historia natural, medicina, geografía, hidrología, ictiología, oceanografía, etnología, etcétera). También permitieron establecer relaciones diplomáticas y comerciales con países fuera de la esfera de influencia europea.[cita requerida] Entre las expediciones más destacadas se cuentan las tres realizadas por James Cook entre 1768 y 1779, la que llevó a cabo el conde de La Pérouse en el periodo que va desde 1785 a 1788, la expedición realizada entre 1789 y 1794 por Alejandro Malaspina, y las realizadas por Alexander von Humboldt entre 1799 y 1804. También es destacable la expedición científica compuesta por 167 hombres de ciencia que acompañó a Napoleón Bonaparte en su Campaña napoleónica en Egipto y Siria entre 1798 y 1801. Por lo general, en las expediciones tomaban parte un grupo de especialistas con conocimientos en diversos temas y áreas (tales como geografía, biología, botánica, astronomía, geología). Además, siempre las acompañaba un grupo de ilustradores y dibujantes, que dejaron muchos bocetos e ilustraciones de los diversos animales, paisajes y plantas que encontraban, muchos de los cuales sirvieron para completar los libros y documentos que se produjeron con los relatos de las expediciones y sus hallazgos y logros.[cita requerida] y sus hallazgos y logros.[cita requerida]
, Les voyages d'exploration scientifique se … Les voyages d'exploration scientifique se sont développés en Europe après l'époque des grandes découvertes, favorisés par les innovations techniques (théodolite, octant, chronomètre de précision, compas, télescope, etc.) et motivés par l'émergence de nouveaux courants philosophiques et scientifiques (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Buffon, Charles Darwin, etc.).s Rousseau, Buffon, Charles Darwin, etc.).
, L'età delle esplorazioni scientifiche segu … L'età delle esplorazioni scientifiche seguì l'età delle scoperte e fu ispirata da una nuova fiducia nella scienza e nella ragione che sorse nell'età dell'Illuminismo. Le spedizioni marittime nell'era delle scoperte erano un mezzo per espandere gli imperi coloniali, stabilire nuove rotte commerciali ed estendere le relazioni diplomatiche e commerciali a nuovi territori, ma con l'Illuminismo la curiosità scientifica divenne un nuovo motivo di esplorazione da aggiungere alle ambizioni commerciali e politiche del passato.zioni commerciali e politiche del passato.
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, http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m.0gmdn75 +
, http://it.dbpedia.org/resource/Et%C3%A0_delle_esplorazioni_scientifiche +
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http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#SpatialThing +
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رحلات الاستكشاف العلمية بدأت وتزايدت في أوروبا بعد فترة عصر الاستكشاف، ودعمتها الاختراعات التقنية الجديدة (المزواة، ، كرونومتر، (أو الفرجار)، المقراب...) وحفزها ظهور تيارات علمية وفلسفية جديدة (جان جاك روسو، جورج دي بوفون، تشارلز داروين...).
, The era of European and American voyages o … The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment. Maritime expeditions in the Age of Discovery were a means of expanding colonial empires, establishing new trade routes and extending diplomatic and trade relations to new territories, but with the Enlightenment scientific curiosity became a new motive for exploration to add to the commercial and political ambitions of the past. See also List of Arctic expeditions and List of Antarctic expeditions.ditions and List of Antarctic expeditions.
, Les voyages d'exploration scientifique se … Les voyages d'exploration scientifique se sont développés en Europe après l'époque des grandes découvertes, favorisés par les innovations techniques (théodolite, octant, chronomètre de précision, compas, télescope, etc.) et motivés par l'émergence de nouveaux courants philosophiques et scientifiques (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Buffon, Charles Darwin, etc.).s Rousseau, Buffon, Charles Darwin, etc.).
, El término expediciones científicas se apl … El término expediciones científicas se aplica a una serie de viajes financiados por distintos países de Europa durante el siglo XVIII con el propósito de recolectar información científica, geográfica, de recursos naturales y explorar tierras y mares, en algunos casos con propósitos comerciales. Sus raíces en alguna medida se encuentran en el enciclopedismo francés. Las naciones europeas compitieron en incrementar su saber científico.tieron en incrementar su saber científico.
, L'età delle esplorazioni scientifiche segu … L'età delle esplorazioni scientifiche seguì l'età delle scoperte e fu ispirata da una nuova fiducia nella scienza e nella ragione che sorse nell'età dell'Illuminismo. Le spedizioni marittime nell'era delle scoperte erano un mezzo per espandere gli imperi coloniali, stabilire nuove rotte commerciali ed estendere le relazioni diplomatiche e commerciali a nuovi territori, ma con l'Illuminismo la curiosità scientifica divenne un nuovo motivo di esplorazione da aggiungere alle ambizioni commerciali e politiche del passato.zioni commerciali e politiche del passato.
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European and American voyages of scientific exploration
, Voyages d'exploration scientifique
, رحلات الاستكشاف العلمية
, Primeros viajes de exploración científica
, Età delle esplorazioni scientifiche
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