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Les maisons de campagne écossaises, aussi … Les maisons de campagne écossaises, aussi appelées maisons de domaines ou maisons de succession, sont de grandes demeures généralement situées sur des propriétés foncières en Écosse. Ces maisons plus confortables pour la royauté, la noblesse et les « lairds » locaux ont été construites à partir du XVIe siècle en remplacement de châteaux défensifs. Les maisons de campagne écossaises trouvent leurs origines dans l'imitation des vastes constructions et reconstructions des résidences royales, débutées avec le palais de Linlithgow, sous l'influence de l'architecture Renaissance. Le Scottish baronial style, propre aux demeures écossaises, apparaît dans les années 1560. Il reprend des éléments architecturaux des châteaux médiévaux, tels des maisons-tours et des « tour peel », tout en adoptant des plans Renaissance, dans des maisons destinées bien plus à la résidence qu'à la défense. Après la Restauration de 1660, l'architecte William Bruce introduit en Écosse une nouvelle phase d'architecture classique sous la forme de palais royaux et de maisons de domaines intégrant des éléments de style palladien. Au cours du XVIIIe siècle, l'Écosse donne certains des plus importants architectes britanniques, incluant le néo-palladien William Adam et son fils Robert Adam, qui rejette le style palladien et fait partie des initiateurs européens de l'architecture néoclassique que l'on peut retrouver dans une série de maisons de campagne en Écosse et en Angleterre. L'incorporation d'éléments gothiques d'architecture médiévale par William Adam participe au lancement d'un renouveau du Scottish baronial style au XIXe siècle, obtenant une certaine popularité par son utilisation à Abbotsford, demeure de l'écrivain Walter Scott, et au château de Balmoral, résidence de la reine Victoria. La construction de nouvelles maisons de campagne se raréfie au XXe siècle en raison du déclin de l'aristocratie et nombre d'entre-elles sont reprises par le National Trust et l'Historic Scotland. Après la Réforme écossaise et la fin de la (en) en 1603 à la suite de la réunion avec le royaume d'Angleterre, les artistes et artisans se tournent vers le mécénat privé et les domaines deviennent des dépôts d'art et de mobilier élaboré. Les maisons de campagne s'ornent de peintures, de boiseries et de plâtres. Le Grand Tour encourage la collection d'art classique et l'adoption de styles classiques pour les nouvelles œuvres qui sont intégrées au style Adam. Le renouveau du style baronnial abouti à un style victorien synthétisé combiné avec des éléments de la Renaissance, des symboles du pouvoir foncier et de l'affiliation nationale avec des équipement modernes. Depuis la fin du XVIe siècle, nombre de ces maisons de domaines sont entourées par des jardins influencés par le style des jardins italiens de la Renaissance. À partir du XVIIe siècle les jardins à l'italienne cèdent la place aux jardins à la française et aux jardins hollandais. Au XVIIIe siècle, les jardins qui perdent en formalité et en symétrie deviennent la norme avec le développement des jardins à l'anglaise. Les jardins à proximité de la maison reprennent un style plus formel au XIXe siècle. Le développement de la maison de campagne palladienne au XVIIe siècle sépare la famille du maître de maison des domestiques. Les familles de la noblesse passent une grande partie de leur temps à rendre visite aux membres de leur famille, de leur cercle amical ou au voisinage. L'hospitalité est un élément important de la vie dans ces maisons de campagne. Les principales activités sont la chasse, les jeux de cartes, les échecs et la musique. Les repas copieux et somptueux constituent également une partie importante de la vie sociale. Au XVIIIe siècle, les maisons de domaines sont par conséquent conçues comme des lieux de représentation publique, mais au XIXe siècle elles deviennent de plus en plus privées et connaissent un développement d'espaces distincts pour les hommes.ement d'espaces distincts pour les hommes.
, Estate houses in Scotland or Scottish coun … Estate houses in Scotland or Scottish country houses, are large houses usually on landed estates in Scotland. They were built from the sixteenth century, after defensive castles began to be replaced by more comfortable residences for royalty, nobility and local lairds. The origins of Scottish estate houses are in aristocratic emulation of the extensive building and rebuilding of royal residences, beginning with Linlithgow, under the influence of Renaissance architecture. In the 1560s the unique Scottish style of the Scots baronial emerged, which combined features from medieval castles, tower houses, and peel towers with Renaissance plans, in houses designed primarily for residence rather than defence. After the Restoration (1660) the work of architect Sir William Bruce introduced to Scotland a new phase of classicising architecture, in the shape of royal palaces and estate houses incorporating elements of the Palladian style. In the eighteenth century Scotland produced some of the most important British architects, including the neo-Palladian William Adam and his innovative son Robert Adam, who rejected the Palladian style and was one of the European initiators of neoclassical architecture, embodied in a series of estate houses in Scotland and England. The incorporation of "Gothick" elements of medieval architecture by William Adam helped launch a revival of the Scots baronial in the nineteenth century, given popularity by its use at Walter Scott's Abbotsford House and Queen Victoria's retreat at Balmoral Castle. In the twentieth century the building of estate houses declined as the influence of the aristocracy waned, and many were taken over by the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Scotland. After the Reformation, and the departure of the Scottish court in 1603, artists and artisans looked to secular patronage and estate houses became repositories of art and of elaborate furnishings. Estate houses were adorned with paintings, wood carvings and plasterwork. The Grand Tour encouraged the collection of classical art and the adoption of classical styles for new works that were incorporated into the Adam Style. The Baronial revival resulted a synthesised Victorian style that combined elements of the Renaissance, symbols of landed power and national affiliation with modern fittings. From the late sixteenth century, many estate houses were surrounded by gardens influenced by Italian Renaissance gardens. From the late seventeenth century the formal gardens at Versailles and Dutch gardens were important models. In the eighteenth century less formal and symmetrical layouts became common with the development of the English landscape garden. In the nineteenth century there was a return of the formal garden near to the house. The development of the Palladian country house in the seventeenth century separated the family of the householder from the servants. Gentry families spent much of their time visiting family, friends or neighbours and hospitality was an important part of life. Major activities included hunting, cards, chess and music. Large and sumptuous meals were an important part of social life. In the eighteenth century, estate houses were designed as centres of public display, but in the nineteenth century they became increasingly private and developed distinct male areas.private and developed distinct male areas.
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Les maisons de campagne écossaises, aussi … Les maisons de campagne écossaises, aussi appelées maisons de domaines ou maisons de succession, sont de grandes demeures généralement situées sur des propriétés foncières en Écosse. Ces maisons plus confortables pour la royauté, la noblesse et les « lairds » locaux ont été construites à partir du XVIe siècle en remplacement de châteaux défensifs. Les maisons de campagne écossaises trouvent leurs origines dans l'imitation des vastes constructions et reconstructions des résidences royales, débutées avec le palais de Linlithgow, sous l'influence de l'architecture Renaissance. Le Scottish baronial style, propre aux demeures écossaises, apparaît dans les années 1560. Il reprend des éléments architecturaux des châteaux médiévaux, tels des maisons-tours et des « tour peel », tout en adoptant deset des « tour peel », tout en adoptant des
, Estate houses in Scotland or Scottish coun … Estate houses in Scotland or Scottish country houses, are large houses usually on landed estates in Scotland. They were built from the sixteenth century, after defensive castles began to be replaced by more comfortable residences for royalty, nobility and local lairds. The origins of Scottish estate houses are in aristocratic emulation of the extensive building and rebuilding of royal residences, beginning with Linlithgow, under the influence of Renaissance architecture. In the 1560s the unique Scottish style of the Scots baronial emerged, which combined features from medieval castles, tower houses, and peel towers with Renaissance plans, in houses designed primarily for residence rather than defence.imarily for residence rather than defence.
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Estate houses in Scotland
, Maisons de succession en Écosse
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Palladian_architecture +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Modern_Scotland +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Gothic_revival +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Architecture +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Renaissance +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Scotland +
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