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Chemical laws are those laws of nature rel … Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics. The laws of stoichiometry, that is, the gravimetric proportions by which chemical elements participate in chemical reactions, elaborate on the law of conservation of mass. Joseph Proust's law of definite composition says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation; we now know that the structural arrangement of these elements is also important. Dalton's law of multiple proportions says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions that are small whole numbers (i.e. 1:2 O:H in water); although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction. Such compounds are known as non-stoichiometric compounds. The third stoichiometric law is the law of reciprocal proportions, which provides the basis for establishing equivalent weights for each chemical element. Elemental equivalent weights can then be used to derive atomic weights for each element. More modern laws of chemistry define the relationship between energy and transformations.
* In equilibrium, molecules exist in mixture defined by the transformations possible on the timescale of the equilibrium, and are in a ratio defined by the intrinsic energy of the molecules—the lower the intrinsic energy, the more abundant the molecule.
* Transforming one structure to another requires the input of energy to cross an energy barrier; this can come from the intrinsic energy of the molecules themselves, or from an external source which will generally accelerate transformations. The higher the energy barrier, the slower the transformation occurs.
* There is a transition state (TS), that corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier. The Hammond-Leffler Postulate states that this state looks most similar to the product or starting material which has intrinsic energy closest to that of the energy barrier. Stabilizing this transition state through chemical interaction is one way to achieve catalysis.
* All chemical processes are reversible (law of microscopic reversibility) although some processes have such an energy bias, they are essentially irreversible.y bias, they are essentially irreversible.
, Hukum kimia adalah hukum alam yang relevan … Hukum kimia adalah hukum alam yang relevan dengan bidang kimia. Konsep paling fundamental dalam kimia adalah hukum konservasi massa, yang menyatakan bahwa tidak terjadi perubahan kuantitas materi sewaktu reaksi kimia biasa. Fisika modern menunjukkan bahwa sebenarnya yang terjadi adalah konservasi energi, dan bahwa energi dan massa saling berhubungan; suatu konsep yang menjadi penting dalam kimia nuklir. Konservasi energi menuntun ke suatu konsep-konsep penting mengenai kesetimbangan, termodinamika, dan kinetika. Hukum tambahan dalam kimia mengembangkan hukum konservasi massa. Hukum perbandingan tetap dari Joseph Proust menyatakan bahwa zat kimia murni tersusun dari unsur-unsur dengan formula tertentu; kita sekarang mengetahui bahwa susunan struktural unsur-unsur ini juga penting. Hukum perbandingan berganda dari John Dalton menyatakan bahwa zat-zat kimia tersebut akan ada dalam proporsi yang berbentuk bilangan bulat kecil (misalnya 1:2 O:H dalam air); walaupun dalam banyak sistem (terutama dan mineral) rasio ini cenderung membutuhkan angka besar, dan sering diberikan dalam bentuk pecahan. Senyawa seperti ini dikenal sebagai . Hukum kimia modern lain menentukan hubungan antara energi dan transformasi.
* Dalam kesetimbangan, molekul yang ditemukan dalam campuran ditentukan oleh transformasi yang mungkin terjadi dalam skala waktu kesetimbangan, dan memiliki suatu rasio yang ditentukan oleh energi intrinsik molekul. Semakin kecil energi intrinsik, semakin banyak molekul.
* Mengubah satu struktur menjadi struktur lain membutuhkan asupan energi untuk melampaui hambatan energi; hal ini dapat timbul karena energi intrinsik molekul itu sendiri, atau dari sumber luar yang secara umum akan mempercepat perubahan. Semakin besar hambatan energi, semakin lambat proses berlangsungnya transformasi.
* Ada struktur antara atau transisi hipotetik, yang berhubungan dengan struktur di puncak hambatan energi. menyatakan bahwa struktur ini menyerupai produk atau bahan asal yang memiliki energi intrinsik yang terdekat dengan hambatan energi. Dengan menstabilkan struktur antara hipotetik ini melalui interaksi kimiawi adalah salah satu salah satu cara untuk mencapai katalisis.
* Semua proses kimia adalah terbalikkan (reversible) walaupun beberapa proses memiliki bias energi, mereka pada dasarnya takterbalikkan (irreversible).da dasarnya takterbalikkan (irreversible).
, Le leggi fondamentali ponderali sono delle … Le leggi fondamentali ponderali sono delle leggi classiche della chimica che si riferiscono agli aspetti quantitativi delle masse delle sostanze che si combinano nelle reazioni chimiche, per cui vengono semplicemente definite leggi ponderali (dal latino pondus: peso). Formulate tra la fine del XVIII e gli inizi del XIX secolo sono il frutto dell'applicazione del metodo scientifico basato sulla misura delle quantità, cioè dei pesi delle sostanze che entrano in reazione tra loro. Le leggi (in ordine cronologico) sono:
* Legge della conservazione della massa di Antoine Lavoisier (1789) dimostra che: la massa dei reagenti è sempre uguale alla massa dei prodotti di reazione in un sistema chiuso, ovvero in una reazione chimica la massa si conserva. Celebre questo nella sua frase, poi ripresa da Einstein: Nulla si crea, nulla si distrugge, ma tutto si trasforma.
* Legge delle proporzioni definite di Joseph Proust (1799) enuncia che: quando due o più elementi formano un composto, le quantità che reagiscono sono in rapporto definito e costante.
* Legge delle proporzioni multiple di John Dalton (1804) secondo la quale: quando due elementi formano più di un composto, le masse dell'uno che reagiscono con la stessa massa dell'altro stanno tra loro secondo rapporti esprimibili attraverso numeri piccoli e interi. Inoltre Dalton formulò altre 4 teorie:
* Un atomo è indivisibile e indistruttibile.
* Tutti gli atomi di una stessa materia sono uguali.
* Gli atomi di uno stesso elemento non possono essere trasformati in un altro elemento.
* Gli atomi di un elemento si combinano con atomi di altri elementi mediante una reazione chimica. Oggi sappiamo invece che un atomo è divisibile dal punto fisico, anche se la stessa parola (dal greco atomos) significa non divisibile. Dal punto di vista chimico rimane invece il costituente ultimo di un elemento.vece il costituente ultimo di un elemento.
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Hukum kimia adalah hukum alam yang relevan … Hukum kimia adalah hukum alam yang relevan dengan bidang kimia. Konsep paling fundamental dalam kimia adalah hukum konservasi massa, yang menyatakan bahwa tidak terjadi perubahan kuantitas materi sewaktu reaksi kimia biasa. Fisika modern menunjukkan bahwa sebenarnya yang terjadi adalah konservasi energi, dan bahwa energi dan massa saling berhubungan; suatu konsep yang menjadi penting dalam kimia nuklir. Konservasi energi menuntun ke suatu konsep-konsep penting mengenai kesetimbangan, termodinamika, dan kinetika. Hukum kimia modern lain menentukan hubungan antara energi dan transformasi.n hubungan antara energi dan transformasi.
, Chemical laws are those laws of nature rel … Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of energy leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.
, Le leggi fondamentali ponderali sono delle … Le leggi fondamentali ponderali sono delle leggi classiche della chimica che si riferiscono agli aspetti quantitativi delle masse delle sostanze che si combinano nelle reazioni chimiche, per cui vengono semplicemente definite leggi ponderali (dal latino pondus: peso). Formulate tra la fine del XVIII e gli inizi del XIX secolo sono il frutto dell'applicazione del metodo scientifico basato sulla misura delle quantità, cioè dei pesi delle sostanze che entrano in reazione tra loro. Le leggi (in ordine cronologico) sono: Inoltre Dalton formulò altre 4 teorie:no: Inoltre Dalton formulò altre 4 teorie:
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Leggi fondamentali ponderali
, Chemical law
, Hukum kimia
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