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Chauth (devanagari: चौथ; van Sanskriet: "e … Chauth (devanagari: चौथ; van Sanskriet: "een vierde") was een belasting die in de 17e tot 19e eeuw in India door de Maratha's werd opgelegd in gebieden die niet tot hun kernland in de West-Ghats behoorden. De chauth bestond uit een vierde deel van de landopbrengst of productie en werd jaarlijks geïnd. Feitelijk ging het om een vorm van afpersing die werd opgelegd aan gebieden die nominaal onder het Mogolrijk vielen. Als niet betaald werd hielden de Maratha's plundertochten in het betreffende gebied. De chauth verschilde van de sardeshmukhi, een belasting van 10% die aan de soeverein (in de 17e eeuw was dat nog de Mogolvorst) werd overgemaakt. In 1665 eiste Marathaleider Shivaji voor het eerst chauth van de destijds onafhankelijke sultanaten Bijapur en Golkonda. In 1668 werd hij door Mogolkeizer Aurangzeb als radja erkend, wat hem een wettelijke basis gaf om binnen Mogolprovincies aanspraak op belastinggeld te maken. Het Maratharijk dat Shivaji achterliet had een sterk gedecentraliseerde machtsstructuur. Individuele legeraanvoerders kregen van de peshwa Mogolprovincies toegewezen waar ze naar believen konden plunderen of belasting innen. De legeraanvoerder kon twee derde van de belastingopbrengst zelf houden. De rest werd naar het hof van de (Marathavorst) en diens beambten gestuurd. Om de belasting te innen bouwden de Maratha's in veel Mogolprovincies een schaduwadministratie op. Aan het begin van de 18e eeuw eisten de Maratha's vaak ook de sardeshmukhi op in provincies die aan hun rijk grensden, zodat de totale afdracht 35% bedroeg. Dit gaf aan dat de Maratha's zich als de wettige bestuurders van het gebied gingen beschouwen. In 1719 werd dit door de Mogols per verdrag erkend toen ze de Marathavorst Shahu recht gaven op zowel de chauth als de sardeshmukhi in de zes provincies van de Dekan. Feitelijk betekende dit dat de Mogols de soevereiniteit over die provincies opgaven, hetgeen neerkwam op erkenning van wat de facto al lang duidelijk was. Desondanks stuitte het verdrag op groot verzet van de orthodoxe factie aan het Mogolhof, hetgeen in 1722 tot de val van de vizier Abdullah Khan Barha leidde. van de vizier Abdullah Khan Barha leidde.
, チャウト（ヒンディー語：चौथ, 英語：Chauth）とは、インド史において、諸税の四分の一を徴収する権利のことである。チャウタ（Chautha）とも呼ばれる。また、諸税の十分の一を別に徴収する権利であるサルデーシュムキー（Sardeshmukhi）も存在した。
, Chauth (from Sanskrit, meaning one fourth) … Chauth (from Sanskrit, meaning one fourth) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal Mughal rule. The sardeshmukhi was an additional 10% levy on top of the chauth. A tribute paid to the king, it was started by Koli Maharaja Som Shah of Ramnagar. Opinions on the function of the chauth vary. According to M G Ranade, the chauth was charged to provide armed security for a state by the Marathas and is thus comparable to the system of subsidiary alliances that was used by Lord Wellesley to bring Indian states under British control. The historian Jadunath Sarkar has argued that the chauth was essentially a tax paid by those states that did not want the Marathas to enter into their realm. The chauth thus served as protection money against Maratha invasions of the chauth paying state. The tax was levied at the rate of one fourth the annual revenues of the state and was levied at the cost of the revenue paid by the state to the Mughals or the Deccan kingdoms. Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale first demanded chauth in 1665 and the Deccan sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda began to pay him a combined sum of ₹800,000 after he became a raja in 1674. In 1719, the Mughal emperor granted Chhatrapati Shahu Raje Bhonsale the chauth and sardeshmukhi rights over the six Deccan provinces in exchange for his maintaining a contingent of 15,000 troops for the emperor. The revenues from chauth were in turn divided into four parts that went to various functionaries of the Maratha empire. One fourth of the levy, called babti, went to the Chhatrapati and he also had discretionary grant making authority over the nadgaunda, proceeds which amounted to 3% of the total collection. Also, 6% of the chauth collections was granted to the pant sachiv, the officer in charge of the royal secretariat and was called the sahotra grant. Two thirds of the collections, however, remained with the Maratha sardars, who collected the taxes and used them for maintaining their troops for the chhatrapati. That part of the levy was called mokasa. The chauth, along with sardeshmukhi levies, ensured a steady and large stream of income for the Marathas and helped them expand their beyond the swarajya territories of Shivaji. The right to assess and collect this tax was asserted first by Shivaji in the later 17th century on the grounds that his family were hereditary tax collectors in Maharashtra. Veer Durgadas Rathore harassed Mughal officers through guerrilla warfare and forced them to pay chauth during his war against Aurangzeb.y chauth during his war against Aurangzeb.
, El Chauth (paraula que prové del sànscrit … El Chauth (paraula que prové del sànscrit i que vol dir un quart), va ser una taxa o un tribut imposat, des de principis del segle xviii, per l'Imperi Maratha a l'Índia. Representava nominalment un 25% dels ingressos o de la producció (d'aquí el seu nom). El dret de determinar i recaptar aquesta taxa, va ser afirmat per primer cop per Shivaji a finals del segle xvii, basant-se en falsos arguments que la seva família havia estat hereditàriament recaptadora d'impostos a Maharashtra. El sardeshmukh era un gravamen addicional del 10% sobre el chauth.avamen addicional del 10% sobre el chauth.
, Chauth (dal Sanscrito col significato di u … Chauth (dal Sanscrito col significato di un quarto) era una tassa regolare o tributo imposto dall'inizio del XVII secolo dall'Impero Maratha in India.Era una tassa annuale nominalmente riscossa al 25% dei ricavi, da cui deriva il nome. Era riscossa nelle terre che erano nominalmente sotto il governo Moghul. Il sardeshmukhi era una tassa addizionale del 10% che veniva riscossa insieme alla chauth. Il tributo andava pagato al re. Shivaji fu il primo a richiedere la chauth nel 1665 e i sultanati del Deccan di Bijapur e di Golconda iniziarono a pagarla combinate ad una somma di 800 000 ₹ dopo che fu fatto raja da Aurangzeb nel 1668. Nel 1719, L'imperatore Moghul garantì a Shahu diritti di chauth e sardeshmukhi su 6 province del Deccan in cambio di un mantenimento di un contingente di 15 000 uomini a servizio dell'Imperatore. I ricavi dalla chauth erano divisi in 4 parti che andavano a diversi funzionari dell'Impero maratha..a diversi funzionari dell'Impero maratha..
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El Chauth (paraula que prové del sànscrit … El Chauth (paraula que prové del sànscrit i que vol dir un quart), va ser una taxa o un tribut imposat, des de principis del segle xviii, per l'Imperi Maratha a l'Índia. Representava nominalment un 25% dels ingressos o de la producció (d'aquí el seu nom). El dret de determinar i recaptar aquesta taxa, va ser afirmat per primer cop per Shivaji a finals del segle xvii, basant-se en falsos arguments que la seva família havia estat hereditàriament recaptadora d'impostos a Maharashtra. El sardeshmukh era un gravamen addicional del 10% sobre el chauth.avamen addicional del 10% sobre el chauth.
, チャウト（ヒンディー語：चौथ, 英語：Chauth）とは、インド史において、諸税の四分の一を徴収する権利のことである。チャウタ（Chautha）とも呼ばれる。また、諸税の十分の一を別に徴収する権利であるサルデーシュムキー（Sardeshmukhi）も存在した。
, Chauth (devanagari: चौथ; van Sanskriet: "e … Chauth (devanagari: चौथ; van Sanskriet: "een vierde") was een belasting die in de 17e tot 19e eeuw in India door de Maratha's werd opgelegd in gebieden die niet tot hun kernland in de West-Ghats behoorden. De chauth bestond uit een vierde deel van de landopbrengst of productie en werd jaarlijks geïnd. Feitelijk ging het om een vorm van afpersing die werd opgelegd aan gebieden die nominaal onder het Mogolrijk vielen. Als niet betaald werd hielden de Maratha's plundertochten in het betreffende gebied. plundertochten in het betreffende gebied.
, Chauth (dal Sanscrito col significato di u … Chauth (dal Sanscrito col significato di un quarto) era una tassa regolare o tributo imposto dall'inizio del XVII secolo dall'Impero Maratha in India.Era una tassa annuale nominalmente riscossa al 25% dei ricavi, da cui deriva il nome. Era riscossa nelle terre che erano nominalmente sotto il governo Moghul. Il sardeshmukhi era una tassa addizionale del 10% che veniva riscossa insieme alla chauth. Il tributo andava pagato al re. I ricavi dalla chauth erano divisi in 4 parti che andavano a diversi funzionari dell'Impero maratha..a diversi funzionari dell'Impero maratha..
, Chauth (from Sanskrit, meaning one fourth) … Chauth (from Sanskrit, meaning one fourth) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal Mughal rule. The sardeshmukhi was an additional 10% levy on top of the chauth. A tribute paid to the king, it was started by Koli Maharaja Som Shah of Ramnagar. Veer Durgadas Rathore harassed Mughal officers through guerrilla warfare and forced them to pay chauth during his war against Aurangzeb.y chauth during his war against Aurangzeb.
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Chauth
, チャウト
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