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Caloian és un ritual de pluja a Romania, e … Caloian és un ritual de pluja a Romania, en certa manera molt semblant al Dodola. És originari de Valàquia (la part sud de Romania). L'origen d'aquest ritual, com és el cas de moltes altres creences i pràctiques populars locals, precedeix la difusió del cristianisme, tot i que va arribar a temps a associar-se al període de la Pasqua ortodoxa. El ritual se celebrava sovint a principis de primavera per afavorir la fertilitat, tot i que també es podia celebrar en altres èpoques de l'any per acabar amb la sequera o amb un període de pluges excessives. Les noies joves fabricaven una o més nines de fang, que representaven el que alguna vegada haurien estat deïtats meteorològiques, sent les més importants el "Pare del Sol" i la "Mare de la pluja" (que es representa segons el propòsit del ritual). Aquestes nines es vestirien amb roba quotidiana i es col·locarien en un tauler de fusta o en un fèretre improvisat d'escorça d'arbres ornamentat amb flors i, així, representarien en el seu simbolisme corresponent el ritual tradicional d'enterrament, que es mostra aquí de forma simulada i presidit per nens. Els participants portarien la petita efígie en processó pels camps, al voltant dels pous i al llarg dels cursos d'aigua abans d'enterrar finalment el caloian a la seva minúscula “tomba”. Al cap de tres dies, el caloian es desenterraria, tornaria al poble i tornà a lamentar-se fins que finalment es deixà anar per surar a les aigües d'un riu o llac o es tiraria a un pou. La cerimònia va acabar, les noies joves que realitzaven la cerimònia preparaven un pastís especial que es repartia entre els nens del poble. Aquest pastís es coneixia com ghismán o ghizman, el nom derivat del bíblic (jardí de) Getsemaní, que marca el fet que aquest ritual s'associava sovint amb el període de Pasqua observat per l'església ortodoxa.e Pasqua observat per l'església ortodoxa.
, Caloian (also Calian(i), Caloiță, Scaloian … Caloian (also Calian(i), Caloiță, Scaloian, Gherman, or Iene) was a rainmaking and fertility rite in Romania, similar in some ways to Dodola. Its namesake is a clay effigy, whose sculpting, funeral, exhumation, and eventual destruction are centerpieces of the display. The source of this ritual, as is the case with those of many other local popular beliefs and practices, precedes the introduction of Christianity, although it came in time to be associated with Orthodox Easter or with the Feast of the Ascension. In some variants it was performed on a precisely calculated day two to three weeks after Easter, though local communities could also revive it at other times of the year, specifically during drought. The figurine was generally made from clay and most often by girls, though sometimes also by boys or married women; the ceremony itself would draw in the whole village community as spectators, and, in isolated cases, also had active participation from the Romanian Orthodox clergy. The mimicry of Christian funerals was widespread, but absent from the more established forms of the ritual. Before dying out in the 1990s, the Caloian tradition had possibly survived for millennia, and may have originated with Dacian strands of Paleo-Balkan mythology. It evoked memories of human sacrifice for the appeasement of rain deities, with parallel near-sacrifices of girls being still attested in rural Romania during the first half of the 20th century. The Caloian litany, which exists in various arrangements as a sample of primitive Romanian literature, usually refers to the figure being sent off to the skies to unlock rain, and buried so that it may be reborn. The figurine's mother is hinted at in such poems, and in some cases played by one of the girls attending the funeral procession. Caloian events were largely confined to Muntenia, Oltenia and Northern Dobruja (the southern part of Romania), though they have been well attested in specific parts of Western Moldavia. Similar practices, assigning usually female characteristics and names to the clay figurine, are spread throughout other parts of the Romanian-speaking areal. They form a continuum of traditions with both Dodola and Germenchuk, which are staples of Bulgarian folklore. Intermingling with the latter is attested in Caloian's primary spread along the Danube, but also in its supposed etymology, which reveals either a Slavonic term for "dirt" or a folkloric nod to Ioannitsa (Ioniță) Kaloyan. The ritual has also been adopted and adapted by ethno-cultural minorities, including the Gagauz and the Csángós.ies, including the Gagauz and the Csángós.
, Калоя́н (рум. caloian) — обряд вызывания д … Калоя́н (рум. caloian) — обряд вызывания дождя в Румынии, сходный с папарудой. В основном практиковался в Валахии и среди греческих аромунов. Калоян исполнялся во время засухи или при сильных дождях. Молодые девушки делали несколько кукол из глины, главной из которых была кукла «Отец солнца» или кукла «Мать дождя» в зависимости от цели обряда. Эту куклу украшали цветами и хоронили в соответствии с традиционными погребальными обычаями. Аналогичный обряд в Болгарии чаще назывался Герман.ый обряд в Болгарии чаще назывался Герман.
, Caloian ist eine rumänische Regenzeremonie … Caloian ist eine rumänische Regenzeremonie, die in gewisser Hinsicht dem bulgarischen Paparuda- und dem serbischen Dodola-Ritual ähnelt. Man findet sie vor allem in der südrumänischen Walachei. Der Ursprung dieses Rituals ist vermutlich vor der Christianisierung anzusetzen, obwohl es an den Zeitraum des orthodoxen Osterfestes geknüpft wird. Das Ritual wird am Frühlingsbeginn als Fruchtbarkeitsritual vollzogen bzw. zu einem anderen Zeitpunkt bei großer Dürre oder heftigen Regenfall. Junge Mädchen stellen dazu einige Tonpuppen her, die überwiegend männliche Figuren darstellen. Je nach Zweck des Rituals heißen sie "Vater der Sonne" oder "Mutter des Regens". Die Puppe wird eingekleidet, auf ein Holzbrett oder in einen Sarg aus Baumrinde gesetzt und nach Art der traditionellen Begräbniszeremonie mit Blumen geschmückt. Ein Zug mit Kindern führt dann durch die Felder, um Wasserläufe und Brunnen herum, bis zur Begräbnisstätte des Caloian. Nach drei Tagen wird der Caloian wieder ausgegraben, zum Dorf zurückgebracht und es wird weiter gebetet, bis er schließlich auf einem Floß auf einem Fluss oder See ausgesetzt wird, bzw. in einen Brunnen geworfen. Am Ende dieser Zeremonie backen die jungen Mädchen, die die Zeremonie veranstaltet haben, einen besonderen Kuchen namens ghismán oder ghizman (wohl von Getsemani, da das Ritual mit der Osterzeit verbunden war), der mit den übrigen Kindern geteilt wurde.der mit den übrigen Kindern geteilt wurde.
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Caloian (also Calian(i), Caloiță, Scaloian … Caloian (also Calian(i), Caloiță, Scaloian, Gherman, or Iene) was a rainmaking and fertility rite in Romania, similar in some ways to Dodola. Its namesake is a clay effigy, whose sculpting, funeral, exhumation, and eventual destruction are centerpieces of the display. The source of this ritual, as is the case with those of many other local popular beliefs and practices, precedes the introduction of Christianity, although it came in time to be associated with Orthodox Easter or with the Feast of the Ascension. In some variants it was performed on a precisely calculated day two to three weeks after Easter, though local communities could also revive it at other times of the year, specifically during drought. The figurine was generally made from clay and most often by girls, though sometimes and most often by girls, though sometimes a
, Калоя́н (рум. caloian) — обряд вызывания д … Калоя́н (рум. caloian) — обряд вызывания дождя в Румынии, сходный с папарудой. В основном практиковался в Валахии и среди греческих аромунов. Калоян исполнялся во время засухи или при сильных дождях. Молодые девушки делали несколько кукол из глины, главной из которых была кукла «Отец солнца» или кукла «Мать дождя» в зависимости от цели обряда. Эту куклу украшали цветами и хоронили в соответствии с традиционными погребальными обычаями. Аналогичный обряд в Болгарии чаще назывался Герман.ый обряд в Болгарии чаще назывался Герман.
, Caloian ist eine rumänische Regenzeremonie … Caloian ist eine rumänische Regenzeremonie, die in gewisser Hinsicht dem bulgarischen Paparuda- und dem serbischen Dodola-Ritual ähnelt. Man findet sie vor allem in der südrumänischen Walachei. Der Ursprung dieses Rituals ist vermutlich vor der Christianisierung anzusetzen, obwohl es an den Zeitraum des orthodoxen Osterfestes geknüpft wird. Am Ende dieser Zeremonie backen die jungen Mädchen, die die Zeremonie veranstaltet haben, einen besonderen Kuchen namens ghismán oder ghizman (wohl von Getsemani, da das Ritual mit der Osterzeit verbunden war), der mit den übrigen Kindern geteilt wurde.der mit den übrigen Kindern geteilt wurde.
, Caloian és un ritual de pluja a Romania, e … Caloian és un ritual de pluja a Romania, en certa manera molt semblant al Dodola. És originari de Valàquia (la part sud de Romania). L'origen d'aquest ritual, com és el cas de moltes altres creences i pràctiques populars locals, precedeix la difusió del cristianisme, tot i que va arribar a temps a associar-se al període de la Pasqua ortodoxa.ociar-se al període de la Pasqua ortodoxa.
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Калоян (обряд)
, Caloian
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