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Конфликт на Бугенви́ле, также известный ка … Конфликт на Бугенви́ле, также известный как Бугенви́льский кризис — вооружённый конфликт на территории региона Бугенвиль на востоке Папуа — Новой Гвинеи в период с 1988 по 1998 год между ВС Папуа — Новой Гвинеи и Бугенвильской революционной армией во главе с Фрэнсисом Оной. Предтечей конфликта явилась конфронтация между местными жителями и землевладельцами с одной стороны и горнодобывающим предприятием Bougainville Copper — с другой. Добыча полезных ископаемых на руднике близ населённого пункта Пангуна создавала для жителей трудности, не позволяя при этом иметь соизмеримой с приносимым ущербом компенсации. Регион попытался создать независимое государство в середине 70-х годов, но был проигнорирован. В конечном итоге противоречия вылились в полномасштабную сепаратистскую гражданскую войну в 1988 году. Конфликт часто назывался этнонационалистическим. Недовольные деятельностью компании жители начали саботировать работу шахты и разрушать её инфраструктуру. Восставшие объединились в «Бугенвильскую революционную армию» во главе с Фрэнсисом Оной в начале 1989 года и сражались с правительственными войсками. В марте боевики объявили регион Бугенвиль независимым государством, а правительство вывело солдат с островов и ввело блокаду. В последующие годы правительство с переменным успехом возвращало территории Бугенвиля под свой контроль. Вице-президент Папуа — Новой Гвинеи Джулиус Чэнь пытался привлечь в конфликт бойцов иностранной частной военной компании Sandline, но контракт был расторгнут после критики со стороны политиков других государств, жителей и командования правительственной армии. Полноценное соглашение о прекращении огня было заключено в 1998 году, после чего последовал мирный договор, подписанный обеими сторонами в 2001 году. подписанный обеими сторонами в 2001 году.
, La guerra civile di Bougainville, nota anc … La guerra civile di Bougainville, nota anche come conflitto di Bougainville, fu un conflitto armato a più livelli combattuto dal 1988 al 1998 nella provincia delle Salomone del Nord della Papua Nuova Guinea tra le forze armate nazionali e i secessionisti dell'esercito rivoluzionario di Bougainville (BRA) e tra la BRA e altri gruppi armati su Bougainville. La guerra venne descritta dal presidente dell'isola come il più grande conflitto in Oceania dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale nel 1945, con una stima di 15 000-20 000 morti, sebbene stime più basse portino il bilancio a circa 1000–2000. Le ostilità si conclusero ai sensi dell'accordo di pace di Bougainville nel 1998. Il governo nazionale papuano accettò l'istituzione del governo autonomo di Bougainville e concesse alcuni diritti al governo autonomo che avrebbe avuto giurisdizione sulla neonata regione autonoma di Bougainville, che comprende piccole isole periferiche oltre alla stessa isola di Bougainville.e oltre alla stessa isola di Bougainville.
, 부건빌 내전은 1988년부터 1998년까지 파푸아뉴기니의 북솔로몬주(현재의 … 부건빌 내전은 1988년부터 1998년까지 파푸아뉴기니의 북솔로몬주(현재의 부건빌 자치주)에서 벌어진 내전이다. 부건빌의 독립을 주장하는 분리주의 세력인 과 파푸아뉴기니 정부 간에, 그리고 부건빌 혁명군과 부건빌섬의 다른 무장 세력 간에 전쟁이 벌어졌다. 부건빌 자치주 지사 는 부건빌 내전이 제2차 세계대전 이후 오세아니아에서 일어난 가장 큰 규모의 무력 분쟁이라고 평가했다. 부건빌 내전으로 약 15,000~20,000명의 부건빌 주민이 사망한 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 적게는 1,000~2,000명이 사망했다고 추정하기도 한다. 1998년 부건빌 평화협정이 체결되어 무장 분쟁은 끝이 났다. 파푸아뉴기니 정부는 수립과 부건빌 자치주에 대한 자치정부의 권리 및 권한을 일부 인정하는 데 동의하였다.건빌 자치주에 대한 자치정부의 권리 및 권한을 일부 인정하는 데 동의하였다.
, 布干维尔内战（英語：Bougainville Civil War），又称布干维尔冲突 … 布干维尔内战（英語：Bougainville Civil War），又称布干维尔冲突，于1988年至1998年发生在巴布亚新几内亚北所罗门省，主要冲突方是巴布亚新几内亚政府军和分离主义游击队布干维尔革命军，布干维尔革命军与布干维尔的其他武装团体之间有发生过冲突。后来的主席约翰·莫米斯将冲突描述为自1945年第二次世界大战结束以来大洋洲最大的冲突，估计有15000至20000名布干维尔人死亡。 敌对行动是在1998年根据《布干维尔和平协议》结束的。巴布亚新几内亚中央政府同意成立布干维尔自治政府，并同意自治政府管辖包括外围小岛在内的布干维尔省。亚中央政府同意成立布干维尔自治政府，并同意自治政府管辖包括外围小岛在内的布干维尔省。
, Perang Saudara Bougainville, juga dikenal … Perang Saudara Bougainville, juga dikenal dengan nama Konflik Bougainville, adalah konflik bersenjata yang meletus dari tahun 1988 hingga 1998 antara Papua Nugini melawan Pasukan Revolusioner Bougainville yang memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Bougainville. Perang ini dianggap sebagai konflik terbesar di Oseania semenjak berakhirnya Perang Dunia II dan telah memakan korban jiwa sebanyak 15.000 hingga 20.000 warga Bougainville.k 15.000 hingga 20.000 warga Bougainville.
, حرب بوغانفيل الأهلية هي حرب أهلية دارت رحا … حرب بوغانفيل الأهلية هي حرب أهلية دارت رحاها بين حكومة بابوا غينيا الجديدة وانفصاليي جزيرة بوغانفيل وتكونوا من الجيش الثوري وتسببت هذه الحرب في مقتل ما بين 10,000 و20،000 شخص. وكانت حكومة بابوا غينيا الجديدة تتلقى الدعم من أستراليا أما الانفصاليين فتلقوا الدعم من جزر سليمان وفيجي.نفصاليين فتلقوا الدعم من جزر سليمان وفيجي.
, The Bougainville conflict, also known as t … The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainville Civil War, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. The conflict was described by Bougainvillean President John Momis as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II in 1945, with an estimated 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead, although lower estimates place the toll at around 1,000–2,000. Hostilities concluded under the Bougainville Peace Agreement in 1998. The national (PNG) government agreed to the founding of the Autonomous Bougainville Government and to certain rights and authorities which the autonomous government would have over what became known as Bougainville Province, which includes outlying small islands in addition to Bougainville Island itself.in addition to Bougainville Island itself.
, La guerra civil de Bougainvilleo Revoluci … La guerra civil de Bougainvilleo Revolución de Bougainville,(1988-1997) fue un conflicto armado entre el gobierno de Papúa Nueva Guinea (PNG) y el movimiento independentista de la isla de Bougainville (la mayor de las Salomón), que terminó por dividirse en varias facciones enfrentadas entre sí (cada una representando un clan). La guerra finalizó por un acuerdo de paz mediado por Australia y el reconocimiento de provincia autónoma por parte del gobierno central. El conflicto suele ser considerado como guerra olvidada ya que es poco conocida, a pesar de su alto coste de vida debido a la represión del gobierno, unas 20 000 vidas (10 % de la población local anterior al conflicto).a población local anterior al conflicto).
, La guerre civile de Bougainville, ou confl … La guerre civile de Bougainville, ou conflit de Bougainville, est un conflit armé qui s'est produit du 1er décembre 1988 au 20 avril 1998 dans la province de Salomon du Nord de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée entre l'armée gouvernementale et l'armée révolutionnaire de Bougainville (ARB) ainsi qu'entre cette dernière et d'autres forces sécessionnistes. Le conflit prend de l'ampleur au point de devenir le plus meurtrier en Océanie depuis la seconde guerre mondiale, avec entre 15 000 et 20 000 victimes Un cessez le feu en 1998 suivi d'un accord de paix conclu en 2001 met fin aux hostilités. Une Région autonome de Bougainville dotée d'une assemblée et d'un gouvernement autonome est mise en place, tandis qu'un référendum d'autodétermination a lieu le 23 novembre 2019 et résulte en un écrasant "oui" pour l'indépendance. Il s'ensuit une phase de consultation entre les représentants de la région et ceux du pouvoir central qui aboutit le 7 juillet 2021 à la conclusion d'un accord pour une indépendance de Bougainville en 2027. une indépendance de Bougainville en 2027.
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Several thousand wounded
, 300+ PNGDF soldiers killed
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(alleged)
, Supported by:
, Bougainville Interim Government (BIG)
, * Buka Liberation Front
, * Bougainville Resistance Force
, *Bougainville Revolutionary Army(BRA)
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* Establishment of theAutonomous Bougainville Government
, Military stalemate
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Several thousand resistance fighters
, ~2,000
, 4UH-1 Iroquois helicopters
, ~800 soldiers
, 4Pacific-class patrol boats
, 150 police
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District map of Bougainville
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1000
, Several thousand wounded
, Estimates vary between 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead
, 300
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Bougainville Interim Government
* Bougainville Revolutionary Army
Supported by:
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* Bougainville Resistance Force
Supported by:
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Sam Kauona
, Joseph Kabui
, Theodore Miriung
, Jerry Singirok
, Rabbie Namaliu
, Francis Ona
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Bougainville conflict
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--12-01
, June 2019
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yes
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300
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Military stalemate
* Bougainville Peace Agreement
* Establishment of the Autonomous Bougainville Government
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4
, ~2,000
, ~800 soldiers
, Several thousand resistance fighters
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布干维尔内战（英語：Bougainville Civil War），又称布干维尔冲突 … 布干维尔内战（英語：Bougainville Civil War），又称布干维尔冲突，于1988年至1998年发生在巴布亚新几内亚北所罗门省，主要冲突方是巴布亚新几内亚政府军和分离主义游击队布干维尔革命军，布干维尔革命军与布干维尔的其他武装团体之间有发生过冲突。后来的主席约翰·莫米斯将冲突描述为自1945年第二次世界大战结束以来大洋洲最大的冲突，估计有15000至20000名布干维尔人死亡。 敌对行动是在1998年根据《布干维尔和平协议》结束的。巴布亚新几内亚中央政府同意成立布干维尔自治政府，并同意自治政府管辖包括外围小岛在内的布干维尔省。亚中央政府同意成立布干维尔自治政府，并同意自治政府管辖包括外围小岛在内的布干维尔省。
, 부건빌 내전은 1988년부터 1998년까지 파푸아뉴기니의 북솔로몬주(현재의 … 부건빌 내전은 1988년부터 1998년까지 파푸아뉴기니의 북솔로몬주(현재의 부건빌 자치주)에서 벌어진 내전이다. 부건빌의 독립을 주장하는 분리주의 세력인 과 파푸아뉴기니 정부 간에, 그리고 부건빌 혁명군과 부건빌섬의 다른 무장 세력 간에 전쟁이 벌어졌다. 부건빌 자치주 지사 는 부건빌 내전이 제2차 세계대전 이후 오세아니아에서 일어난 가장 큰 규모의 무력 분쟁이라고 평가했다. 부건빌 내전으로 약 15,000~20,000명의 부건빌 주민이 사망한 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 적게는 1,000~2,000명이 사망했다고 추정하기도 한다. 1998년 부건빌 평화협정이 체결되어 무장 분쟁은 끝이 났다. 파푸아뉴기니 정부는 수립과 부건빌 자치주에 대한 자치정부의 권리 및 권한을 일부 인정하는 데 동의하였다.건빌 자치주에 대한 자치정부의 권리 및 권한을 일부 인정하는 데 동의하였다.
, Perang Saudara Bougainville, juga dikenal … Perang Saudara Bougainville, juga dikenal dengan nama Konflik Bougainville, adalah konflik bersenjata yang meletus dari tahun 1988 hingga 1998 antara Papua Nugini melawan Pasukan Revolusioner Bougainville yang memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Bougainville. Perang ini dianggap sebagai konflik terbesar di Oseania semenjak berakhirnya Perang Dunia II dan telah memakan korban jiwa sebanyak 15.000 hingga 20.000 warga Bougainville.k 15.000 hingga 20.000 warga Bougainville.
, Конфликт на Бугенви́ле, также известный ка … Конфликт на Бугенви́ле, также известный как Бугенви́льский кризис — вооружённый конфликт на территории региона Бугенвиль на востоке Папуа — Новой Гвинеи в период с 1988 по 1998 год между ВС Папуа — Новой Гвинеи и Бугенвильской революционной армией во главе с Фрэнсисом Оной. Предтечей конфликта явилась конфронтация между местными жителями и землевладельцами с одной стороны и горнодобывающим предприятием Bougainville Copper — с другой.едприятием Bougainville Copper — с другой.
, حرب بوغانفيل الأهلية هي حرب أهلية دارت رحا … حرب بوغانفيل الأهلية هي حرب أهلية دارت رحاها بين حكومة بابوا غينيا الجديدة وانفصاليي جزيرة بوغانفيل وتكونوا من الجيش الثوري وتسببت هذه الحرب في مقتل ما بين 10,000 و20،000 شخص. وكانت حكومة بابوا غينيا الجديدة تتلقى الدعم من أستراليا أما الانفصاليين فتلقوا الدعم من جزر سليمان وفيجي.نفصاليين فتلقوا الدعم من جزر سليمان وفيجي.
, La guerra civile di Bougainville, nota anc … La guerra civile di Bougainville, nota anche come conflitto di Bougainville, fu un conflitto armato a più livelli combattuto dal 1988 al 1998 nella provincia delle Salomone del Nord della Papua Nuova Guinea tra le forze armate nazionali e i secessionisti dell'esercito rivoluzionario di Bougainville (BRA) e tra la BRA e altri gruppi armati su Bougainville. La guerra venne descritta dal presidente dell'isola come il più grande conflitto in Oceania dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale nel 1945, con una stima di 15 000-20 000 morti, sebbene stime più basse portino il bilancio a circa 1000–2000.sse portino il bilancio a circa 1000–2000.
, The Bougainville conflict, also known as t … The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainville Civil War, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. The conflict was described by Bougainvillean President John Momis as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II in 1945, with an estimated 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead, although lower estimates place the toll at around 1,000–2,000.ates place the toll at around 1,000–2,000.
, La guerra civil de Bougainvilleo Revoluci … La guerra civil de Bougainvilleo Revolución de Bougainville,(1988-1997) fue un conflicto armado entre el gobierno de Papúa Nueva Guinea (PNG) y el movimiento independentista de la isla de Bougainville (la mayor de las Salomón), que terminó por dividirse en varias facciones enfrentadas entre sí (cada una representando un clan). La guerra finalizó por un acuerdo de paz mediado por Australia y el reconocimiento de provincia autónoma por parte del gobierno central. El conflicto suele ser considerado como guerra olvidada ya que es poco conocida, a pesar de su alto coste de vida debido a la represión del gobierno, unas 20 000 vidas (10 % de la población local anterior al conflicto).a población local anterior al conflicto).
, La guerre civile de Bougainville, ou confl … La guerre civile de Bougainville, ou conflit de Bougainville, est un conflit armé qui s'est produit du 1er décembre 1988 au 20 avril 1998 dans la province de Salomon du Nord de Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée entre l'armée gouvernementale et l'armée révolutionnaire de Bougainville (ARB) ainsi qu'entre cette dernière et d'autres forces sécessionnistes. Le conflit prend de l'ampleur au point de devenir le plus meurtrier en Océanie depuis la seconde guerre mondiale, avec entre 15 000 et 20 000 victimesiale, avec entre 15 000 et 20 000 victimes
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Guerre civile de Bougainville
, Guerra civil de Bougainville
, حرب بوغانفيل الأهلية
, 부건빌 내전
, Guerra civile di Bougainville
, Perang Saudara Bougainville
, 布干维尔内战
, Bougainville conflict
, Конфликт на Бугенвиле
, Guerra Civil de Bougainville
, Bürgerkrieg in Bougainville
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