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Bethlem Royal Hospital, i folkmun Bedlam, … Bethlem Royal Hospital, i folkmun Bedlam, var ett hospital i London som år 1547 omskapades till mentalsjukhus. Bedlam var ursprungligen en stiftelse, Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, varav Bedlam är en förvrängning. Ordet används även om dårhus i allmänhet. Den grundades redan 1246, och fungerade redan på 1300-talet som hospital. Henrik VIII lät 1547 omskapa Bedlam till mentalsjukhus. Den 1814 rivna byggnadens port pryddes av ryktbara skulpturer från 1675 föreställande Melankoli och Raseri i bojor. 1815 avslöjades grov vanvård av patienterna på sjukhuset. Bedlam anses vara världens första mentalsjukhus. Svenska motsvarigheter är Danviken, Konradsberg och Beckomberga. Hospitalets byggnad används idag av Imperial War Museum.ggnad används idag av Imperial War Museum.
, ベドラム (Bedlam) はイギリスにある世界で最も古い精神病院の一つ。正式名称は王立ベスレム病院 (Bethlem Royal Hospital)。ベスレム病院 (Bethlem Hospital) 、ベツレヘム病院 (Bethlehem Hospital) などとも呼ばれる。現在はイングランドのケント州ベカナムに位置する。英語ではbedlamという単語は精神障害者の保護施設一般を指す言葉として長く使われ、後に「騒ぎ」や「混乱」を意味するようになった。
, Бедла́м (англ. Bethlem Royal Hospital) — відома назва лікарні для психічно хворих в Лондоні. Заклад безперервно існував протягом декількох століть.
, Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St M … Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam, is a psychiatric hospital in London. Its famous history has inspired several horror books, films and TV series, most notably Bedlam, a 1946 film with Boris Karloff. The hospital is closely associated with King's College London and, in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, is a major centre for psychiatric research. It is part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health. Founded in 1247, the hospital was originally near Bishopsgate just outside the walls of the City of London. It moved a short distance to Moorfields in 1676, and then to St George's Fields in Southwark in 1815, before moving to its current location in Monks Orchard in 1930. The word "bedlam", meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from the hospital's nickname. Although the hospital became a modern psychiatric facility, historically it was representative of the worst excesses of asylums in the era of lunacy reform.es of asylums in the era of lunacy reform.
, Il Bethlem Royal Hospital è un ospedale pe … Il Bethlem Royal Hospital è un ospedale per la cura delle malattie mentali a Londra, nel Regno Unito e parte del South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Anche se non più situato nella sede originale, è riconosciuto come la prima e più antica istituzione specializzata nella cura delle malattie mentali. È stato anche denominato St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital e Bedlam. L'ospedale collabora con il King's College di Londra nell'ambito della ricerca psichiatrica. La parola inglese bedlam, che significa "baraonda", "confusione" deriva proprio dall'antico nome dell'ospedale dove un tempo sono stati commessi i peggiori errori nel trattamento delle malattie psichiatriche. La madre di Charlie Chaplin era una delle persone confinate qui: il futuro attore comico nacque e visse un'infanzia difficile nella vicina Kennington.nfanzia difficile nella vicina Kennington.
, El Hospital Real de Bethlem (Beckenham, Br … El Hospital Real de Bethlem (Beckenham, Bromley, Londres) fue el segundo hospital psiquiátrico conocido en Europa, tras el Hospital de Valencia. Fundado en 1247, y aunque ya no se encuentra en su ubicación original, se reconoce como la segunda institución especializada en enfermos mentales, siendo la primera, el Hospital de Valencia. Ha sido conocido como Santa María de Bethlem, Hospital de Bethlem, Hospital de Bethlehem y Bedlam (que en inglés tiene el significado de "casa de locos"). El hospital está hoy en día a la vanguardia del tratamiento psiquiátrico humano, aunque parte de su historia es conocida por su crueldad y trato inhumano.conocida por su crueldad y trato inhumano.
, Le Bethlem Royal Hospital (appelé communém … Le Bethlem Royal Hospital (appelé communément Bedlam) est un hôpital psychiatrique situé à Beckenham dans le borough londonien de Bromley. Il est reconnu comme la première institution occidentale ayant offert des services de soins psychiatriques. Même s'il ne se trouve plus à son emplacement original, ce serait le plus ancien hôpital qui se spécialise dans les soins psychiatriques. Au XXIe siècle, il offre des services de pointe pour le traitement des problèmes de santé mentale, mais il est réputé pour avoir été le théâtre de plusieurs pratiques cruelles et inhumaines. Il est connu sous divers noms : St. Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital et Bedlam. Le mot anglais « bedlam », qui signifie chahut et confusion, trouve son origine dans son nom. Il pouvait aussi avoir le sens d'asile d'aliénés puisqu'on lit chez Voltaire : « ce monde est un grand Bedlam, où des fous enchaînent d'autres fous ». En 2011, il héberge une collection d'œuvres de malades mentaux, le Bethlem Royal Archives and Museum.aux, le Bethlem Royal Archives and Museum.
, Bethlem Errege-Ospitalea (ingelesez: Bethl … Bethlem Errege-Ospitalea (ingelesez: Bethlem Royal Hospital) edo Bedlam Londresko Bromley barrutiko ospitale psikiatrikoa da. 1247an sortua, eta jada bere jatorrizko kokalekuan ez dagoen arren, gaixotasun mentaletan espezializatutako lehen erakunde eta antzinakoentzat hartzen dute. Ospitalea gaur egun giza tratamendu psikiatrikoaren abangoardian dago, bere historiaren zati bat krudeltasun eta tratu ankerragatik ezaguna den arren. eta tratu ankerragatik ezaguna den arren.
, O Bethlem Royal Hospital of London (Santa Maria de Belém) é o hospital psiquiátrico mais antigo do mundo.
, Das Bethlem Royal Hospital ist eine psychi … Das Bethlem Royal Hospital ist eine psychiatrische Klinik in London. Sie wird allgemein auch als Bedlam bezeichnet, eine Verballhornung des englischen Wortes für Bethlehem. Der Begriff bedlam hat als Synonym für Chaos oder Tumult Eingang in die englische Sprache gefunden. Neben dem „Narrenturm“ in Wien gehört es zu den ältesten Einrichtungen für Menschen mit einer psychischen Störung. Obwohl es in neuerer Zeit zu den Vorreitern einer humanitären Therapie gehört, ist es heute immer noch für grausame und menschenunwürdige Zustände im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bekannt.stände im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bekannt.
, Бедла́м (англ. Bedlam [ˈbɛdləm], искажённо … Бедла́м (англ. Bedlam [ˈbɛdləm], искажённое от англ. Bethlehem — Вифлеем; официальное название Бетлемская королевская больница — англ. Bethlem Royal Hospital), первоначальное название — госпиталь святой Марии Вифлеемской, психиатрическая больница в Лондоне (с 1547). Название Бедлам стало именем нарицательным, вначале — синонимом психиатрической клиники, а позже — словом для обозначения крайней неразберихи из-за творившегося там в XVI веке беспорядка.за творившегося там в XVI веке беспорядка.
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, . Wakefield, Edward
, . Cibber, Caius Gabriel
, . Snell, Hannah
, . Frith, Mary
, . The Architecture of Bethlem at Moorfields
, . Monro, Thomas
, . Crooke, Helkiah
, , ed.
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Approx 350
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#E0E6F8
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Bethlem Royal Hospital
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The Politics of Committal to Early Modern Bethlem
, Chapter 9: Bethlem Hospital, Now the Imperial War Museum, in Lambeth Road
, Richard II and the Monasteries of London
, Chapter XXVI, St George's Fields
, Management and Mismanagement at Bedlam, 1547–1633
, 'Hardly a Hospital, but a Charity for Pauper Lunatics'? Therapeutics at Bethlem in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
|
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Bedlam: Fact or Fantasy?
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https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=g588AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141%7Charvid=Allderidge1979a +
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PhD thesis
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England
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"2008-10-30"^^xsd:date
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10.1192
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revised
, 3.0
, Online
|
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Porter, Roy
, Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael
, Webster, Charles
, Barry, Jonathan; Jones, Colin
, Ormrod, W. Mark
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Admissions through A&E
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1247
, 1330
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n
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/National_Health_Service_%28England%29 +
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Art
, About Us
, Interactive Tour of Bethlem Adolescent Unit
, The Bethlem Hospital
, Psychosis Service
, About the Museum
|
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"2012-10-30"^^xsd:date
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"2012-10-30"^^xsd:date
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http://www.bethlemheritage.org.uk/about_musuem.asp|ref=
, http://www.bethlemheritage.org.uk/gallery.asp|ref=
, http://www.national.slam.nhs.uk/services/adult-services/psychosis/|ref=
, http://www.slam.nhs.uk/our-services/virtual-tours/bethlem-adolescent-unit|ref=
, --10-23
, http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-lost-hospitals-of-london-bethlem-hospital-worth-a-visit|ref=
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9780802001559
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|
23
, 2
, 3
, 4
, 10
, 393
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/History_Today +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science +
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, http://dbpedia.org/resource/Journal_of_the_Society_of_Architectural_Historians +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/English_Literary_Renaissance +
, http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Journal_of_Ecclesiastical_History +
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, History of Psychiatry
, British Journal of Psychiatry
, Medical History
, The Philanthropist
|
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Oxford
, Stroud
, Woodbridge
, Berkeley & Los Angeles CA
, New York
, Manchester
, New Haven & London
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, Amsterdam & Atlanta GA
, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, London
, London
, Westport CT
, London & New York
, Lebanon NH
, Cambridge
, Cambridge, Mass.
, California
, New York & London
, Princeton NJ
, Newark
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Shown in Bromley
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United Kingdom London Bromley
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Bethlem Royal Hospital
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/South_London_and_Maudsley_NHS_Foundation_Trust +
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283
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11639849
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York Press
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South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
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... you find yourself in a long and wide g … ... you find yourself in a long and wide gallery, on either side of which are a large number of little cells where lunatics of every description are shut up, and you can get a sight of these poor creatures, little windows being let into the doors. Many inoffensive madmen walk in the big gallery. On the second floor is a corridor and cells like those on the first floor, and this is the part reserved for dangerous maniacs, most of them being chained and terrible to behold. On holidays numerous persons of both sexes, but belonging generally to the lower classes, visit this hospital and amuse themselves watching these unfortunate wretches, who often give them cause for laughter. On leaving this melancholy abode, you are expected by the porter to give him a penny but if you happen to have no change and give him a silver coin, he will keep the whole sum and return you nothing keep the whole sum and return you nothing
, But is there so great Merit and Dexterity in being a mad Doctor? The common Prescriptions of a Bethlemitical Doctor are a Purge and a Vomit, and a Vomit and a Purge over again, and sometimes a Bleeding, which is no great mystery
, A Church of Our Lady that is named Bedlam. … A Church of Our Lady that is named Bedlam. And in that place be found many men that be fallen out of their wit. And full honestly they be kept in that place; and some be restored onto their wit and health again. And some be abiding therein for ever, for they be fallen so much out of themselves that it is incurable unto manf themselves that it is incurable unto man
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true
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Edited by D. O'Connor
, Edited by Jean Khalfa. Translated by Jonathan Murphy & Jean Khalfa
, Jonathan Andrews, Asa Briggs, Roy Porter, Penny Tucker & Keir Waddington
, Edited and translated by Madame Van Muyden
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/series
|
The Sociology of Mental Health
|
| http://dbpedia.org/property/source
|
Alexander Cruden, The London Citizen Exceedingly Injured, 1739.
, William Gregory, Lord Mayor of London, c. 1450
, Inveterate letter-writer César de Saussure's account of Bethlem during his 1725 tour of London's sights.
|
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|
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Psychiatric_hospital +
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography +
, Social Perceptions of People with Disability in History
, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
, History of Madness
, 'I know not / Where I did lodge last night?': King Lear and the Search for Bethlem Hospital
, Oliver Wendell Holmes in Paris: Medicine, Theology and the Autocrat at the Breakfast Table
, Obituary: Peter Shaughnessy. Campaigner who took the stigma out of insanity
, Snake Pits, Talking Cures and Magic Bullets
, 1980.0
, Separate Theaters: Bethlem Hospital and the Shakespearian Stage
, Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England
, God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain
, Medicine in the Enlightenment
, A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I & II: the Letters of Monsieur César de Saussure to his Family
, Distracted Subjects: Madness and Gender in Shakespeare and Early Modern Culture
, First Report: Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee Appointed to Consider of Provision Being Made for the Better Regulation of Madhouses in England
, Bedlam on the Jacobean Stage
, The 700th Anniversary of Bethlem
, Customers and Patrons of the Mad-Trade:The Management of Lunacy in Eighteenth-Century London: With the Complete Text of John Monro's 1766 Case Book
, Bedlam Revisited: A History of Bethlem Hospital c.1634 – c.1770
, The Politics of Regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome Subjects
, Old and New London: Volume 6
, Robert Hooke's Bethlem
, Hospitals, Madhouses and Asylums: Cycles in the Care of the Insane
, Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century
, Medicine and Charity before the Welfare State
, The Story of Bethlem from its Foundation in 1247
, Madness: A Brief History
, Healing Body and Mind: A Critical Issue for Health Care Reform
, The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry
, The History of Bethlem
, English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580–1890
, Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles
, 'The Pleasure of your Bedlam': The Theatre of Madness in the Renaissance
, Overcoming Anxiety and Depression
, Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England
, The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
, Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade
, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900
, The Modern Foundation for the Insanity Defense: the Case of James Hadfield and Daniel McNaughtan
, Dickens in Bedlam: Madness and Restraint in his Fiction
, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744–1845
, Seeing the Insane
, Cure, Comfort and Safe Custody: Public Lunatic Asylums in Early Nineteenth-Century England
, History of Bethlem
, Plan of an Asylum for Lunatics, & c
, Goffredo de Prefetti and the Church of Bethlehem in England
, Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics
, Survey of London: Volume 25. St George's Fields
, The Fictions of Foucault's Scholarship
, The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780–1850
, The Four Last Things
, 14
|
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|
Bethlem Demystified?
, Bethlem/Bedlam: Methods of Madness?
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Specialist
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https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=gNs0hNxtL4QC +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=NdIypYX6KIwC%7Charvid=AndrewsBriggsPorterTucker1997 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=ohNDGcD55LUC%7Charvid=AndrewsScull2003 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=lFMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA226%7Charvid=Wakefield1812 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=CyWIQgAACAAJ +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Ds7wl8pVsU0C%7Charvid=AndrewsScull2001 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=dzofAQAAIAAJ&q=bedlam%2B96000 +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=KpMLAQAAIAAJ +
, https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Kt5eZPSdQH0C&pg=PA63 +
, https://archive.org/details/fourlastthings00more|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=XashAQAAMAAJ|ref=
, --05-29
, http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7537000/7537497.stm|title=Lunatic London
, https://books.google.com/books?id=YnHPPDE-iZgC|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=pv474cb3SMC&pg=PA197|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqTnHyTbfAC&pg=PA17|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=wzlJWvCoNKQC|year=2003|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=TSBy8d8Mo1kC|ref=
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, https://books.google.com/books?id=ooUv74WpN9IC|ref=
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, https://books.google.com/books?id=B5Pyfip2P1gC|ref=
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, https://books.google.com/books?id=-Pu2FJ6HVJAC|publisher=University of New Hampshire Press
, https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1365|ref=
, https://archive.org/details/chaptersinhistor00tukeuoft|publisher=Keegan Paul, Trench & Co.
, https://books.google.com/books?id=GA5lky3IH0EC|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQVAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9780710003294|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=_opBt15kOE0C&q=frith|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=GjJaAAAAMAAJ|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=Bjv4BrHlHtAC|year=1999|publisher=Leicester University Press
, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45286|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=NdIypYX6KIwC|pages=230–59|ref=
, https://books.google.com/books?id=xiaa2hMYRokC|ref=
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Das Bethlem Royal Hospital ist eine psychi … Das Bethlem Royal Hospital ist eine psychiatrische Klinik in London. Sie wird allgemein auch als Bedlam bezeichnet, eine Verballhornung des englischen Wortes für Bethlehem. Der Begriff bedlam hat als Synonym für Chaos oder Tumult Eingang in die englische Sprache gefunden. Neben dem „Narrenturm“ in Wien gehört es zu den ältesten Einrichtungen für Menschen mit einer psychischen Störung. Obwohl es in neuerer Zeit zu den Vorreitern einer humanitären Therapie gehört, ist es heute immer noch für grausame und menschenunwürdige Zustände im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bekannt.stände im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert bekannt.
, Бедла́м (англ. Bedlam [ˈbɛdləm], искажённо … Бедла́м (англ. Bedlam [ˈbɛdləm], искажённое от англ. Bethlehem — Вифлеем; официальное название Бетлемская королевская больница — англ. Bethlem Royal Hospital), первоначальное название — госпиталь святой Марии Вифлеемской, психиатрическая больница в Лондоне (с 1547). Название Бедлам стало именем нарицательным, вначале — синонимом психиатрической клиники, а позже — словом для обозначения крайней неразберихи из-за творившегося там в XVI веке беспорядка.за творившегося там в XVI веке беспорядка.
, ベドラム (Bedlam) はイギリスにある世界で最も古い精神病院の一つ。正式名称は王立ベスレム病院 (Bethlem Royal Hospital)。ベスレム病院 (Bethlem Hospital) 、ベツレヘム病院 (Bethlehem Hospital) などとも呼ばれる。現在はイングランドのケント州ベカナムに位置する。英語ではbedlamという単語は精神障害者の保護施設一般を指す言葉として長く使われ、後に「騒ぎ」や「混乱」を意味するようになった。
, Бедла́м (англ. Bethlem Royal Hospital) — відома назва лікарні для психічно хворих в Лондоні. Заклад безперервно існував протягом декількох століть.
, El Hospital Real de Bethlem (Beckenham, Br … El Hospital Real de Bethlem (Beckenham, Bromley, Londres) fue el segundo hospital psiquiátrico conocido en Europa, tras el Hospital de Valencia. Fundado en 1247, y aunque ya no se encuentra en su ubicación original, se reconoce como la segunda institución especializada en enfermos mentales, siendo la primera, el Hospital de Valencia. Ha sido conocido como Santa María de Bethlem, Hospital de Bethlem, Hospital de Bethlehem y Bedlam (que en inglés tiene el significado de "casa de locos"). tiene el significado de "casa de locos").
, O Bethlem Royal Hospital of London (Santa Maria de Belém) é o hospital psiquiátrico mais antigo do mundo.
, Le Bethlem Royal Hospital (appelé communém … Le Bethlem Royal Hospital (appelé communément Bedlam) est un hôpital psychiatrique situé à Beckenham dans le borough londonien de Bromley. Il est reconnu comme la première institution occidentale ayant offert des services de soins psychiatriques. Même s'il ne se trouve plus à son emplacement original, ce serait le plus ancien hôpital qui se spécialise dans les soins psychiatriques. Au XXIe siècle, il offre des services de pointe pour le traitement des problèmes de santé mentale, mais il est réputé pour avoir été le théâtre de plusieurs pratiques cruelles et inhumaines.lusieurs pratiques cruelles et inhumaines.
, Bethlem Errege-Ospitalea (ingelesez: Bethl … Bethlem Errege-Ospitalea (ingelesez: Bethlem Royal Hospital) edo Bedlam Londresko Bromley barrutiko ospitale psikiatrikoa da. 1247an sortua, eta jada bere jatorrizko kokalekuan ez dagoen arren, gaixotasun mentaletan espezializatutako lehen erakunde eta antzinakoentzat hartzen dute. Ospitalea gaur egun giza tratamendu psikiatrikoaren abangoardian dago, bere historiaren zati bat krudeltasun eta tratu ankerragatik ezaguna den arren. eta tratu ankerragatik ezaguna den arren.
, Bethlem Royal Hospital, i folkmun Bedlam, … Bethlem Royal Hospital, i folkmun Bedlam, var ett hospital i London som år 1547 omskapades till mentalsjukhus. Bedlam var ursprungligen en stiftelse, Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, varav Bedlam är en förvrängning. Ordet används även om dårhus i allmänhet. Den grundades redan 1246, och fungerade redan på 1300-talet som hospital. Henrik VIII lät 1547 omskapa Bedlam till mentalsjukhus. Den 1814 rivna byggnadens port pryddes av ryktbara skulpturer från 1675 föreställande Melankoli och Raseri i bojor. 1815 avslöjades grov vanvård av patienterna på sjukhuset. grov vanvård av patienterna på sjukhuset.
, Il Bethlem Royal Hospital è un ospedale pe … Il Bethlem Royal Hospital è un ospedale per la cura delle malattie mentali a Londra, nel Regno Unito e parte del South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Anche se non più situato nella sede originale, è riconosciuto come la prima e più antica istituzione specializzata nella cura delle malattie mentali. È stato anche denominato St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlem Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital e Bedlam. La madre di Charlie Chaplin era una delle persone confinate qui: il futuro attore comico nacque e visse un'infanzia difficile nella vicina Kennington.nfanzia difficile nella vicina Kennington.
, Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St M … Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam, is a psychiatric hospital in London. Its famous history has inspired several horror books, films and TV series, most notably Bedlam, a 1946 film with Boris Karloff. Founded in 1247, the hospital was originally near Bishopsgate just outside the walls of the City of London. It moved a short distance to Moorfields in 1676, and then to St George's Fields in Southwark in 1815, before moving to its current location in Monks Orchard in 1930.current location in Monks Orchard in 1930.
|
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, ベドラム
, Бедлам
, Bethlem Errege-Ospitalea
, Hospital Real de Bethlem
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